Temperature &
Heat
Suppose you have a glass of hot and cold water and a
thermometer on the table. While holding the
thermometer, you might wonder why the reading is not
zero. It is actually measuring room temperature.
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Thermal Equilibrium
A phenomenon in which the
thermometer and its surroundings
have the same temperature or no
further change happens to both
thermometer and surroundings.
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Consider two objects that have the temperatures A and B
and are placed side by side. Both A and B are conductors.
If temperature A is higher than temperature B, what will
happen to the temperature of A and B after some time?
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Zeroth Law
If Object A is in thermal
equilibrium with object B and B is
in thermal equilibrium with Object
C, then Objects A and C are in
thermal equilibrium, i.e. If TA = TB
and TB = TC , then TA = TC.
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Temperature Conversion
Celsius to Fahrenheit:
𝟗
𝑻𝑭 = (𝑻𝑪 ) + 𝟑𝟐
𝟓
Fahrenheit to Celsius:
𝟓
𝑻𝑪 = (𝑻 −𝟑𝟐)
𝟗 𝑭
Celsius to Kelvin:
𝑻𝑲 = 𝑻𝑪 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓
Kelvin to Celsius:
𝑻𝒄 = 𝑻𝑲 − 𝟐𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓
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Temperature Conversion
Example 1: On a day when the temperature reaches 50.0oF,
what is the temperature in degrees Celsius and in Kelvin?
Solution:
Temperature Conversion
Example 2: The normal body temperature of a human is
approximately 37.00oC. Convert the temperature into
Kelvin and Fahrenheit.
Solution:
Guided Practice:
Direction: Fill in the table below.
Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin
23.0oC 73.4oF 296 K
2.22oC 36.0oF 275 K
71.9oC 161oF 345 K
28.9oC 84.0oF 302 K
52.0oC 126oF 325 K
Thermal Expansion
Thermal expansion refers to the increase in dimension of materials
due to the increase in temperature.
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Thermal Expansion
Objects expand when the temperature increases.
• The jar cover can be removed by putting the cover in hot water.
• Roads have gaps so they don’t buckle during the summer,
• Sea levels rise because of warmer temperatures, etc.
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Linear Expansion
Linear expansion is the increase in length of the material
due to the increase of temperature of the material. It can be
expressed as
where ∆𝐿 is the change in length, 𝐿0 is the initial length, ∆𝑇
is the change in temperature, and 𝛼 is the average
coefficient of linear expansion.
Volume Expansion
Volume expansion is the increase in volume of the solid as
temperature increases and it is expressed as
where ∆𝑉 is the change in volume, 𝛽 is the average
coefficient of volume expansion, 𝑉0 is the initial volume, and
∆𝑇 is the change in temperature.
The coefficient of
volume expansion is
constant for specific
materials and is usually
higher for liquids than
for solids.
Thermal Expansion
Example 1: A segment of steel railroad track has a length
of 30.000 m when the temperature is 0.0oC. What is its
length when the temperature is 40.0oC?
Solution: Derivation:
∆𝑳 = 𝜶𝑳𝟎 ∆𝑻
Given: 𝑳𝒇 − 𝑳𝟎 = 𝜶𝑳𝟎 ∆𝑻
𝑳𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝑳𝒇 = 𝜶𝑳𝟎 ∆𝑻 + 𝑳𝟎
𝑻𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟎℃ ∆𝑳 = 𝜶𝑳𝟎 ∆𝑻 𝑳𝒇 = 𝑳𝟎 𝜶∆𝑻 + 𝟏
𝑻𝒇 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟎℃
α = 12x𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ℃−𝟏
Find: 𝑳𝒇
Thermal Expansion
Example 2: A test tube has a volume of 2.54000 x 10-4 m3
at 75.0℃. Given the coefficient of volume expansion of
9 x 10-6(℃)-1, find its volume at 82.0℃.
Solution: Derivation:
∆𝑽 = 𝜷𝑽𝟎 ∆𝑻
Given: 𝑽𝒇 − 𝑽𝟎 = 𝜷𝑽𝟎 ∆𝑻
𝑽𝟎 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎𝟑 𝑽𝒇 = 𝜷𝑽𝟎 ∆𝑻 + 𝑽𝟎
𝑻𝒊 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟎℃ ∆𝑽 = 𝜷𝑽𝟎 ∆𝑻 𝑽𝒇 = 𝑽𝟎 𝜷∆𝑻 + 𝟏
𝑻𝒇 = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟎℃
β = 9 x 10−6(℃)−1
Find: 𝑽𝒇
What Have I Learned So Far?
A metal bar measures 56.0000 cm at 10oC. What would be
its length at 110oC if 𝛼 = 1.5 𝑥 10−5 (𝐶 𝑜 )−1 ?
Solution:
Derivation:
∆𝑳 = 𝜶𝑳𝟎 ∆𝑻
Given: 𝑳𝒇 − 𝑳𝟎 = 𝜶𝑳𝟎 ∆𝑻
𝑳𝒇 = 𝜶𝑳𝟎 ∆𝑻 + 𝑳𝟎
𝑳𝟎 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎 ∆𝑳 = 𝜶𝑳𝟎 ∆𝑻 𝑳𝒇 = 𝑳𝟎 𝜶∆𝑻 + 𝟏
𝑻𝒊 = 𝟏𝟎℃
𝑻𝒇 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎℃ 𝑳𝒇 = 𝑳𝟎 𝟏 + 𝜶∆𝑻
α = 1.5x𝟏𝟎−𝟓 ℃−𝟏 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎 1+ 1.5x𝟏𝟎−𝟓 ℃−𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝟎℃ − 𝟏𝟎℃
𝑳𝒇 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟎𝟖𝟒𝟎 𝒄𝒎
Find: 𝑳𝒇
Guided Practice: Problem-Solving
1. An aluminum sphere has a volume of 26.000 cm3 at
30.0 ℃ . What is the final temperature of the aluminum
sphere if the final volume is 26.002 cm3? Use 72x10-6(℃)-1,
for the coefficient of volume expansion. Derivation:
Solution:
∆𝑉 = 𝛽𝑉0 ∆𝑇
∆𝑉 𝛽𝑉0 ∆𝑇
∆𝑽 = 𝛃𝑽𝟎 ∆𝑻 =
Given: ∆𝑽
𝛽𝑉0
∆𝑉
𝛽𝑉0
𝑻𝒇 = + 𝑻𝒊
𝑽𝟎 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒄𝒎𝟑 𝛃𝑽𝟎 𝛽𝑉0
= 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖
𝑻𝒊 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟎℃ 𝑽𝒇 −𝑽𝟎 ∆𝑽
+ 𝑻𝒊 = 𝑻𝒇
𝑻𝒇 = + 𝑻𝒊
𝑽𝒇 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟑 𝛃𝑽𝟎 𝜷𝑽𝟎
𝛃 = 72x𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ℃−𝟏 𝟐𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟑 − 𝟐𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑
𝑻𝒇 = + 𝟑𝟎. 𝟎℃
72x𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ℃−𝟏 𝟐𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑
Find: 𝑻𝒇
𝑻𝒇 ≈ 𝟑𝟏. 𝟏℃
Guided Practice: Problem-Solving
2. What is the original length of a brass rod that has length
of 5.0042 mm when its temperature increases by 40.0 ℃?
Derivation:
Solution: ∆𝑳 = 𝜶𝑳𝟎 ∆𝑻
𝑳𝒇 − 𝑳𝟎 = 𝜶𝑳𝟎 ∆𝑻
∆𝑳 = 𝜶𝑳𝟎 ∆𝑻 𝑳𝒇 = 𝜶𝑳𝟎 ∆𝑻 + 𝑳𝟎
Given:
𝑳𝒇 = 𝑳𝟎 𝜶∆𝑻 + 𝟏
𝑳𝒇
𝑳𝒇 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝒎𝒎 𝑳𝟎 = 𝑳𝒇 𝑳𝟎 𝜶∆𝑻 + 𝟏
𝟏 + 𝜶∆𝑻 𝜶∆𝑻 + 𝟏
=
𝜶∆𝑻 + 𝟏
∆𝑻 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟎℃
𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝒎𝒎 𝑳𝒇
𝜶 = 𝟏𝟗𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ℃−𝟏 𝑳𝟎 = 𝟏 + 𝜶∆𝑻
= 𝑳𝟎
𝟏 + 𝟏𝟗𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ℃−𝟏 (𝟒𝟎. 𝟎℃)
Find: 𝑳𝟎 𝑳𝟎 ≈ 𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒 𝒎𝒎
REFERENCES
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