Topic 8

TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

 TEMPERATURE

 Quantitative measure of hotness or

coldness of a body

 Requires a device → thermometer

How does a thermometer work?
When the tip of the mercury
thermometer touches the material it is
measuring, the material conducts heat
energy to the mercury.

Then the mercury expands as it

turns into a liquid and begins to
rise up the tube.

The place where the mercury

stops on the scale is where you
can take the reading of the
temperature
How does a thermometer work?

Thermal Equilibrium
“thermometer measures the temperature of
something else, and to make sense of the
statement that two objects are at the same
temperature.”
 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

“If system C is initially in thermal

equilibrium with both systems A and B,

then A and B are also in thermal

equilibrium with each other”.

Two systems are in thermal equilibrium if and

only if they have the same temperature.
 ➢ All matter is made up of
Temperature atoms that are
Depends on moving…even solid
objects have atoms that
Particle
are vibrating.
Movement!
➢ The motion from the
atoms gives the object
energy.
 The Kinetic Theory of Matter

All of the particles that make up matter are

constantly in motion

 Solid= vibrating atoms

 Liquid= flowing atoms
 Gas= move freely
 Plasma= move incredibly
fast and freely
www.nasa.gov
 Temperature

•The Measure of the

average kinetic energy of all
the particles in the object
•The atoms mass and speed
determine the temperature
of the object

cse.ssl.berkeley.edu
Anders Celsius Daniel Baron William
Fahrenheit Kelvin Rankine
TEMPERATURE SCALES
Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin Rankine
(°C) (°F) (K) (°R)

Boiling point
100 °C 212 °F 373.15 K 671.64 °R
of water

increments 100 180 100 180

Freezing Point
0°C 32 °F 273.15 K 491.67°R
of Water

Absolute Zero -273.15 °C -459.67 °F 0K 0R

CONVERSIONS
9
𝑇𝐹 = 𝑇𝐶 + 32°
5
5
𝑇𝐶 = (𝑇𝐹 −32°)
9

𝑇𝐾 = 𝑇𝐶 + 273.15
𝑇𝑅 = 𝑇𝐹 + 459.67
 ℃ - Temperature
Note: reading

℃ ≠ C° C° - Change in
temperature
 THERMAL EXPANSION

 Change in physical dimensions

when subjected to change in
temperature

 Most materials expand when

heated
 The thermometer can measure
temperature because the
substance of the liquid inside
always expands (increases) or
contracts (decreases) by a
certain amount due to a change
in temperature.
Linear Thermal Expansion

NORMAL SOLIDS

L =  Lo T
coefficient of
linear expansion

Common Unit for the Coefficient of Linear Expansion:

1
C
= ( )
C −1
 If a metal sheet
with a hole in the
THiNK! middle is
subjected to heat,
what will happen
to the hole?
THiNK!
 VOLUME THERMAL EXPANSION

The volume of an object changes when its temperature changes:

V =  Vo T
coefficient of volume expansion

Common Unit for the Coefficient of Volume Expansion:

1
C 
( )
= C
−1
 THERMAL EXPANSION

 Linear
∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿0 ∆𝑇
 Area
∆𝐴 = 2𝛼𝐴0 ∆𝑇
 Volume
∆𝑉 = 3𝛼𝑉0 ∆𝑇 = 𝛽𝑉0 ∆𝑇
What is the ➢ When a substance is
effect of heat heated, it expands,
on the volume increases.
materials’ ➢ Therefore it becomes
less dense
densities?
Sample Problem 1
A metal rod is 40.125 cm long at 20.0⁰C and
40.148 cm long at 45.0⁰C. Calculate the average
coefficient of linear expansion of the rod for this
temperature change.
∆𝐿 40.148 𝑐𝑚 − 40. 125 𝑐𝑚
∆L = α𝐿0 ∆𝑇 α= =
𝐿0 ∆𝑇 40.125 𝑐𝑚(45℃ − 20℃)

α = 2.29 𝑥 10−5 /𝐶°

Sample Problem 2
A glass flask whose volume is 1000.00 cm3 at 0.0°C is completely filled with
mercury at this temperature. When the flask and mercury are warmed to
55.0°C, 8.95 cm3 of mercury overflows. Compute the coefficient of volume
expansion of the glass. (𝛽𝐻𝑔 = 18 𝑥 10−5 /𝐶°)

𝑉𝑔 − 𝑉𝐻𝑔 = 𝑉0 + 𝑉0 𝛽𝑔 ∆𝑇 − (𝑉0 + 𝑉0 𝛽𝐻𝑔 ∆𝑇)

∆V = 𝑉0 𝛽∆𝑇
𝑉𝑔 − 𝑉𝐻𝑔 = 𝑉0 𝛽𝑔 ∆𝑇 − 𝑉0 𝛽𝐻𝑔 ∆𝑇
𝑉𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑉0 + 𝑉0 𝛽𝑔 ∆𝑇
𝑉𝑔 − 𝑉𝐻𝑔
𝛽𝑔 = 𝛽𝐻𝑔 +
𝑉0 ∆𝑇
𝑉𝐻𝑔 = 𝑉0 + 𝑉0 𝛽𝐻𝑔 ∆𝑇 3)
(−8.95 𝑐𝑚
𝛽𝑔 = 18 𝑥 10−5 /𝐶° +
1000 𝑐𝑚3 (55℃ − 0℃)

𝛽𝑔 = 1.72 x 10−5 /𝐶°

 THERMAL STRESS

 Develop when one tries

to prevent
contraction/expansion
of a material subjected
to temperature change
 TENSILE STRESS (or Tension)

 Happens when a rod is held at constant

length while the temperature is reduced.
𝐹
𝜎 = = −𝛼𝑌∆𝑇
𝐴
 Sample Problem 3

 A wire is 1.50 m long at 20 °C is

found to increase its length by 1.9
cm when warmed to 420 °C.
 Compute the average coefficient
of linear expansion for its
temperature change.
Sample Problem 3

 Compute the average coefficient of

linear expansion for its temperature
change.

∆𝐿 1.9 × 10−2 𝑚
𝛼= =
𝐿0 ∆𝑇 1.50 𝑚 420℃ − 20℃
= 3.167 × 10−5 /C°
Sample Problem 3

 Find the stress in the wire if it is cooled to 20 °C

without being allowed to contract.
(𝑌 = 2.00 × 1011 𝑃𝑎)
𝐹
= −𝛼𝑌∆𝑇
𝐴
= − 3.167 × 10−5 /C° 2 × 1011 Pa 20℃ − 420℃

𝐹
= 2.533 × 109 Pa
𝐴