Temperature

and
Heat
Part 2
Quantity of Heat
Transfer of energy

𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶

Heat Transfer

𝑇𝐻 > 𝑇𝐶
Due to temperature difference

▪ This energy transfer is called “Heat Flow” or “Heat Transfer”

▪ Energy transferred in this way is called “Heat”
▪ Heat transfer is only valid if the system is not in Thermal Equilibrium.
Quantity of Heat
• Standard Unit (SI) – Joules ( 𝐽 )
• Calorie ( 𝑐𝑎𝑙 )

1 𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 4.186 𝐽 James Prescott Joule

• British thermal unit ( 𝑏𝑡𝑢 )
1 𝑏𝑡𝑢 = 252 𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 1055 𝐽
 How is heat related to the change of temperature?

As we increase the temperature of the system, its heat increases!

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/energy-forms-and-changes/latest/energy-forms-and-
changes_en.html
 How is heat related to the change of temperature?

As we decrease the temperature of the system, its heat decreases!

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/energy-forms-and-changes/latest/energy-forms-and-
changes_en.html
 Change in
Heat 𝑄 ∝ Δ𝑇 temperature
Heat required for temperature
change Δ𝑇 of mass 𝑚

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐Δ𝑇

Specific heat (constant)

Mass
𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝐾

If Δ𝑇 is positive, then 𝑄 is positive

➢ Heat goes into the system
If Δ𝑇 is negative, then 𝑄 is negative
➢ Heat goes out of the system
Sometime it is convenient to describe a quantity of substance in terms
of number of moles 𝑛:
Relation of mass 𝑚 to number of moles 𝑛
and molar mass 𝑀
𝑚 = 𝑛𝑀
Molar mass
𝑔 𝑘𝑔
number of moles or
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Heat required for temperature
change Δ𝑇 of 𝑛 moles

𝑄 = 𝑛CΔ𝑇
Molar heat capacity
𝐽
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⋅ 𝐾
https://matmatch.com/learn/property/specific-heat-capacity
1.) While preparing for a morning drink you filled a kettle with 10 𝑔 of water which has
a temperature of 32 ℃. How much heat is required to increase the waters temperature
up to 100 ℃ ?

2.) If you had an Iron rod weighing 10 𝑘𝑔, initially at room temperature (25℃), what
would be its temperature after you apply 1 × 106 𝐽 of heat?

3.) You are given a sample of metal and asked to determine its specific heat. You weigh
the sample and find that it has a mass of 3 𝑘𝑔. You carefully add 1.25 × 104 𝐽 of heat
energy to the sample and find that its temperature rises 18.0 ℃. What is the sample’s
specific heat?
Calorimetry
For a close system:
|𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 | = |𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 |
∑𝑄 = 0
where;
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = −𝑚𝑐Δ𝑇

Same gist as conservation of energy.

Phase Change
Freezing/Melting
Solid Liquid

𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝑓
The amount of heat it takes to
freeze/melt a certain mass m.

Now if +𝑚𝐿𝑓 , then heat is added

(Melting)
if −𝑚𝐿𝑓 , then heat is discarded
(Freezing)
Evaporation/Condensation
Liquid Gas

𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝑣
The amount of heat it takes to
evaporate/condense a certain
mass m.

Now if +𝑚𝐿𝑣 , then heat is added

(Evaporation)
if −𝑚𝐿𝑣 , then heat is discarded
(Condensation)
Sublimation/Deposition
Solid Gas

𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝑠
The amount of heat it takes to
sublimate/deposit a certain
mass m.

Now if +𝑚𝐿𝑠 , then heat is added

(Sublimation)
if −𝑚𝐿𝑠 , then heat is discarded
(Deposition)
Mechanism of Phase Change

Temperature Change

Phase Transition

Temperature Change
Mechanism of Phase Change
Mechanism of Heat Transfer

Conduction
➢ Occurs within a body or between two
bodies in contact

𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶
Mechanism of Heat Transfer

Conduction 𝑄 𝑇1 −𝑇2
➢ Occurs within a body or between two = 𝑘𝐴
bodies in contact 𝑡 𝑙
Heat Flow Heat Rate

𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶
Mechanism of Heat Transfer

𝑄 𝑇𝐻 −𝑇𝐶
= 𝑘𝐴
𝑡 𝑙
Mechanism of Heat Transfer

Convection
➢ is the transfer of
heat by mass
motion of a fluid
from one region
of space to
another
Mechanism of Heat Transfer

Radiation
➢ is the transfer of heat via
electromagnetic waves
Mechanism of Heat Transfer

Radiation
➢ is the transfer of heat via
electromagnetic waves

𝑄
= 𝜖𝜎𝐴𝑇 4
𝑡
Stefan-Boltzmann Equation

−8 4
𝜎 = 5.67 × 10 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾
Science Fact: Everything in the universe glows with its own internal heat.
➢ Temperature/Heat is just energy produced due to
the random motion of particles (“Brownian
motion”)
3
K ave = k BT
2

➢ Since their motion is

random/accelerated,
then they can produce
electromagnetic waves

➢ As the temperature of
the object increases
the average energy of
generated EM wave
also increases
➢The sun is orange-yellow
because its 6000K surface
produces more orange-yellow
light than anywhere else.

➢Your temperature is around ≈

310𝐾 , so it produces low
energy infrared light.