Physics 151: Lecture 37

Today’s Agenda

 Topics
 Temperature and Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
 Temperature scales
 Thermal expansion
 Ideal gas

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 1

 Temperature
 Temperature: measure of the motion of the individual atoms and
molecules in a gas, liquid, or solid.
 related to average kinetic energy of constituents
 High temperature: constituents are moving around energetically
 In a gas at high temperature the individual gas molecules are
moving about independently at high speeds.
 In a solid at high temperature the individual atoms of the solid
are vibrating energetically in place.
 The converse is true for a "cold" object.
 In a gas at low temperature the individual gas molecules are
moving about sluggishly.
 There is an absolute zero temperature at which the motions of
atoms and molecules practically stop.

 There is an absolute zero temperature at which the classical

motions of atoms and molecules practically stop
Animation

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 2

 Heat

 Solids, liquids or gases have internal energy

 Kinetic energy from random motion of molecules
 translation, rotation, vibration
 At equilibrium, it is related to temperature
 Heat: transfer of energy from one object to another as a
result of their different temperatures
 Thermal contact: energy can flow between objects
T1 > T2

U2
U1

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 3

 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
T1 = T2
 Thermal equilibrium:
when objects in
thermal contact cease U1 U2
heat transfer
 same temperature
Animation

If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium

with a third object C, then objects A and B are in
thermal equilibrium with each other.

C
A B

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 4

 Thermometers
 A thermometer is a device that is used to measure the
temperature of a system
 Thermometers are based on the principle that some physical
property of a system changes as the system’s temperature
changes
 These properties include:
 The volume of a liquid
 The dimensions of a solid
 The pressure of a gas at a constant volume
 The volume of a gas at a constant pressure
 The electric resistance of a conductor
 The color of an object
 A temperature scale can be established on the basis of any of
these physical properties

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 5

 Thermometer, Liquid in Glass
 A common type of
thermometer is a
liquid-in-glass
 The material in the
capillary tube expands
as it is heated
 The liquid is usually
mercury or alcohol
 A thermometer can be
calibrated by placing it
in contact with some
natural systems that
remain at constant
temperature

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 6

 Thermometer, Celsius Scale
 A thermometer can be calibrated by placing it in contact
with some natural systems that remain at constant
temperature
 Common systems involve water
 A mixture of ice and water at atmospheric pressure
» Called the ice point of water
 A mixture of water and steam in equilibrium
» Called the steam point of water

Celsius Scale :
 The ice point of water is defined to be 0o C
 The steam point of water is defined to be 100o C

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 7

 Constant Volume Gas Thermometer

 The physical change exploited

is the variation of pressure of a
fixed volume gas as its
temperature changes

 The volume of the gas is kept

constant by raising or lowering
the reservoir B to keep the
mercury level at A constant

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 8

 Absolute Zero
 The thermometer readings are virtually independent of the gas used
 If the lines for various gases are extended, the pressure is always zero when the
temperature is –273.15o C
 This temperature is called
absolute zero

 Absolute zero is used as the basis of the absolute temperature scale

 The size of the degree on the absolute scale is the same as the size
of the degree on the Celsius scale
 To convert: TC = T – 273.15

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 9

 Temperature scales
 Three main scales
Farenheit Celcius Kelvin
212 100 373.15
Water boils

32 0 273.15 Water freezes

-459.67 -273.15 0
Absolute Zero

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 10

 T (K)
Some interesting facts 108 Hydrogen bomb
 In 1724, Gabriel Fahrenheit made thermometers Sun’s interior
using mercury. The zero point of his scale is 107
attained by mixing equal parts of water, ice, and
salt. A second point was obtained when pure 106 Solar corona
water froze (originally set at 30oF), and a third
(set at 96oF) “when placing the thermometer in 105
the mouth of a healthy man”.
 On that scale, water boiled at 212. 104
Sun’s surface
 Later, Fahrenheit moved the freesing point of 103 Copper melts
water to 32 (so that the scale had 180
increments). Water freezes
100
 In 1745, Carolus Linnaeus of Upsula, Sweden, Liquid nitrogen
described a scale in which the freezing point of 10
Liquid hydrogen
water was zero, and the boiling point 100,
making it a centigrade (one hundred steps) scale. 1 Liquid helium
Anders Celsius (1701-1744) used the reverse
scale in which 100 represented the freezing point 0.1
and zero the boiling point of water, still, of Lowest T
course, with 100 degrees between the two
defining points. ~ 10-9K

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 11

 Thermal expansion
 In most liquids or solids, when temperature rises
 molecules have more kinetic energy
» they are moving faster, on the average
 consequently, things tend to expand
 amount of expansion depends on…
 change in temperature T
 original length L L0 L
 coefficient of thermal expansion
» L0 + L = L0 +  L0 T
 L =  L0 T (linear expansion)
V
 V =  L0 T (volume expansion)
V + V

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 12

Thermal expansion

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 13

 Bimetallic strip
 A bimetallic strip is made of two
ribbons of dissimilar metals bonded
together. QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
 Assume that the strip is originally are needed to see this picture.

straight. As they are heated, the metal

with the greater average coefficient of
expansion (2) expands more than the
other, forcing the strip into an arc, with
the outer radius having a greater
circumference (as in the Fig). A
compact spiral bimetallic strip is used in a QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

home thermostat. Find the angle ()

are needed to see this picture.

through which the free end of the strip

turns when the temperature changes by
1°C for such bimetalic strip with the initial
length L= 21.0 cm and the separation of
the centers of the strips (r = r2 - r1 = (2 - 1 )L (dT/dr)
0.410 mm). The two metals are bronze and
invar. 1.06o
Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 14
 Lecture 37, ACT 1
Thermal expansion
 As you heat a block of aluminum from 0 oC to 100 oC, its density
(a) increases (b) decreases (c) stays the same

T = 100 C
• Solution T=0C
 Here  is positive
Volume increases
Density decreases

M, V0 M, V100
Answer: (b) 0 = M / V0
100 = M / V100

< 0

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 15

 Lecture 37: ACT 2
Thermal expansion
 An aluminum plate has a circular hole cut in it. A copper ball (solid
sphere) has exactly the same diameter as the hole when both are
at room temperature, and hence can just barely be pushed
through it. If both the plate and the ball are now heated up to a
few hundred degrees Celsius, how will the ball and the hole fit ?

(a) ball won’t fit (b) fits more easily (c) same as before

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 16

 Lecture 37: ACT 2
Solution
 Both objects have positive thermal coefficients After
 all dimensions increase
 plate and ball both get larger

Before

(b) fits more easily

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 17

 Special system: Water

 Most liquids increase in

volume with increasing T (kg/m3)
 water is special 1000.00
999.95
 density increases from 999.90
0 to 4 oC ! 999.85
 ice is less dense than 999.80
Density
999.75
liquid water at 4 oC:
999.70
hence it floats
999.65
 water at the bottom of 999.60
a pond is the denser, 999.55
i.e. at 4 oC 0 2 4 6 8 10 T (oC)
Water has its maximum density at 4 degrees.
 Reason: chemical bonds of H20 (see your chemistry courses !)

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 18

 Lecture 37: ACT 3
 Not being a great athlete, and having lots of money to
spend, Gill Bates decides to keep the lake in his back yard
at the exact temperature which will maximize the buoyant
force on him when he swims. Which of the following would
be the best choice?

(a) 0 oC (b) 4 oC (c) 32 oC (d) 100 oC (e) 212 oC

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 19

 Lecture 37: ACT 3
SOLUTION

 The buoyancy force is

FB = lVg 1000.00
999.95
999.90
 since his volume and 999.85
g are constant, only  999.80
Density
is changing 999.75
999.70
999.65
999.60
999.55
0 2 4 6 8 10

Water has its maximum density at 4 degrees.

(a) 0 oC

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 20

 Lecture 37: Problem 1
 A liquid with a coefficient of volume
expansionjust fills a spherical shell
of volume Vi at a temperature of Ti (see
Fig. to the right). The shell is made of a QuickTime™ and a
material that has an average TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
coefficient of linear expansion . The
liquid is free to expand into an open
capillary of area A projecting from the
top of the sphere.

 When the temperature increases by T

how high does the liquid rises in the h =(V /A) ( - 3) T
i
capillary ( h ) ?
 For a typical system, such as a mercury thermometer, why is it a
good approximation to neglect the expansion of the shell ?
(for glass) << (for mercury), so ( -3 within 5%.
Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 21
 Ideal gas
 Consider a gas in a container of volume V, at pressure P,
and at temperature T
 Equation of state
 Links these quantities
 Generally very complicated: but not for ideal gas

n = m/M : number of moles m=mass

M=mass of one mole
One mole contains NA=6.022 X 1023 particles : Avogadro’s number

• Equation of state for an ideal gas

PV = nRT R is called the universal gas constant

In SI units, R =8.315 J / mol·K

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 22

 Boltzmann’s constant

 In terms of the total number of particles N

Animation (p,T)
PV = nRT = (N/NA ) RT
Animation (p,V)
PV = N kB T Animation (p,N)
In SI units, with R =8.315 J / mol·K, we get

kB = R/NA = 1.38 X 10-23 J/K

kB is called the Boltzmann’s constant

 P, V, and T are the thermodynamics variables

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 23

 Lecture 37: Problem 2
 A vertical cylinder of cross-
sectional area A=0.001 m2 is
fitted with a tight-fitting,
frictionless piston of mass m =
20.0 kg (see the Fig. To the
right) QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

 If n = 0.200 moles of an ideal

gas are in the cylinder at a
temperature of T = 350 K,
what is the height h at which
the piston is in equilibrium h = n R T/(mg + PA)
under its own weight ?
h = 1.94 m

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 24

 Lecture 37: Problem 3
To
B = To V g
 The mass of a hot-air balloon and its
cargo (not including the air inside) is
200 kg. The air outside is at 10.0°C V, T
and 101 kPa. The volume of the
balloon is 400 m3. To what TVg
temperature must the air in the
balloon be heated before the balloon
will lift off ? m
(Air density at 10.0°C is 1.25 kg/m3.) mg

T = 472 K !

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 25

 Lecture 37: Problem 2b
 A cylinder is closed by a piston
connected to a spring of
constant 2.0 x 103 N/m (as on QuickTime™ and a

the Fig.). With the spring

TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

relaxed, the cylinder is filled with

5.00 L of gas at a pressure of
1.00 atm and a temperature of
20.0°C.
poVo / To = pV / T
 If the piston has a cross-
sectional area of 0.010 m2 and a p=po +kh / A
negligible mass, how high will it
rise when the temperature is V=Vo +A h
raised to 250°C ?
h = 0.169 m

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 26

 Recap of today’s lecture

 Chap. 19: temperature

 Temperature and Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
 Temperature scales
 Thermal expansion
 Ideal gas

Physics 151: Lecture 37, Pg 27