Heat and Temperature Page No.

:- 1

Kinetic theory: -
The facts of kinetic theory are as follows:
1.) The volume occupied by the molecules is negligible.
2.) Constant random motion.
3.) Collisions are perfectly elastic; when two molecules collide, they
change their directions and kinetic energies but the total K.E. is
conserved.
Definition of Heat and Temperature on the basis of Kinetic theory: -
Heat: -
Heat is the form of energy which produces the sensation of warmth or
coldness.
It is the sum of all the kinetic energies of all the molecules of a substance.
If the body have “n” number of molecules having mass m and velocities
𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 ,. … … … … . . 𝑣𝑛
1 1 1 1
H = K( 𝑚𝑣12 + 𝑚𝑣22 + 𝑚𝑣32 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝑣𝑛2 )
2 2 2 2

Where K is thermal constant

Heat supplied to a body is taken as positive and heat energy given out by a
body is taken as negative.
The S.I. unit of heat is Joule (J) and CGS unit of heat is Calorie (Cal)
Temperature: -
Temperature is the degree of hotness of the body.
It is the average kinetic energy of all the molecules/particles of a substance.
If the body have “n” number of molecules having mass m and velocities
𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 ,. … … … … . . 𝑣𝑛
1 1 1 1
K( 𝑚𝑣12 + 𝑚𝑣22 + 𝑚𝑣32 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝑣𝑛2 )
𝑇= 2 2 2 2
𝑛
Where K is thermal constant
 Heat and Temperature Page No. :- 2

Units of Temperature are: Fahrenheit (F), Celsius (C) and Kelvin (K).
Kelvin is S.I. unit of temperature.
Difference between Heat and Temperature: -
Heat Temperature
Heat is energy that is transferred Temperature is a measure of
from one body to another as the hotness or coldness.
result of a difference in
temperature.
It is total kinetic energy of all the It is average kinetic energy of all the
molecules. molecules.
It depends on quantity of matter It does not depend on quantity of
matter.
It is form of energy (thermal) It is measure of energy.
S.I. unit is Joule S.I. unit is Kelvin

Mercury Thermometer: -
It was invented by the Daneil Gabriel Fahrenheit and is used to determine
the body, liquid and vapor temperature.
Principle: - The mercury thermometer works on the principle of thermal
expansion of liquids. It means that liquids expand when heated and
contract when cooled.
Construction: -It consists of long fine capillary glass tube. A bulb is
connected at its lower end and is filled with mercury. A glass covering is
used to secure the capillary tube and marked with a standard temperature
scale. The mercury expands or contracts with changes in temperature
which can be read from the scale.
Mercury is the only one in liquid state at room temperature. It is used in
thermometers because it has high coefficient of thermal expansion. Hence,
the slightest change in temperature is notable when it is used in
thermometers.
 Heat and Temperature Page No. :- 3

Working: - The bulb contain mercury is kept in the body where

temperature is to be measured. As temperature increases, the mercury
expands and rise up in the capillary tube. The temperature can directly be
noted from the scale by comparing the upper edge of mercury in tube.

Modes of transfer of Heat: -

Heat flows from one point to other if there is difference in temperature and
it flows till time up to which there is difference in temperature. Once the
temperature become equal, the situation is called thermal equilibrium and
at that point transfer of heat stops. Heat always moves from higher to
lower temperature.
There are three modes of transfer of heat:
1) Conduction
2) Convection
3) Radiation
Conduction: -
 Heat and Temperature Page No. :- 4

It is defined as that mode of transfer of heat in which the heat travels from
particle to particle in contact, along the direction of fall of temperature
without any net displacement of particles.
This is mode of heat transfer in solids.
Example: If one end of a long metal rod (iron or brass) is heated, after some
time other end of rod also become hot.
When two bodies have different temperatures and are brought into
contact, they exchange heat energy and tends to equalize the temperature.
Convection: - the process of transmission of heat in which heat is
transferred from one point to another by the physical movement of heated
particles is called convection.
Liquids and gases transfer heat by convection.
Example: - If a liquid in a vessel is heated by placing a burner below the
vessel, after sometime the top of surface of liquid also become warm. This
is because the speed of atoms and molecules increase when liquid or gases
are heated. The molecule having more K.E. rise upward and carry heat with
them. Examples – heating of room by heater, cooling of transformers,
heating of water etc.
Radiation: -
Thermal radiation is the energy emitted by a body in the form of radiation
on account of its temperature and travel with velocity of light.
These radiations are electromagnetic waves.
The energy contain in radiation is 𝐸 = ℎ𝜈 where 𝜈 is frequency of wave
emitted.
For example: The heat from sun reaches the earth through radiation mode.
All the bodies around us do emit these radiations.
 Heat and Temperature Page No. :- 5

Properties of Thermal Radiation: -

➢ They do not require a medium for their propagation.
➢ Heat radiations travel in a straight line.
➢ Heat radiation do not heat the intervening medium.
➢ They are electromagnetic waves.
➢ They travel with velocity of light i.e. 3 x 10⁸ m/s in vacuum.
➢ They undergo reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction and
polarization.
➢ They obey inverse square law.
Different Scales of Temperature: -
In general, there are three scales of temperature measurement. The scales
are usually defined by two fixed points; temperature at which water
freezes and the boiling point of water as defined at sea level and standard
atmospheric pressure.
Fahrenheit Scale:
It was given by physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1724. It uses the
degree Fahrenheit (symbol: °F) as the unit. On this scale freezing point of
water is taken as the lower fixed point (32°F) and boiling point of water is
taken as upper fixed point (212°F). The interval between two points is
divided into 180 equal parts. Each division is 1°F.
This scale is used for clinical and meteorological purpose.
Celsius Scale:
This scale was given by Anders Celsius in 1742. The scale was called
centigrade scale. However, in 1948 it was given the name Celsius to honors
Anders Celsius. On this scale freezing point of water is taken as the lower
fixed point (marked 0°C) and boiling point of water is taken as upper fixed
point (marked 100°C). The interval between two points is divided into 100
equal parts. Each division is 1°C.This scale is used for common scientific,
clinical, meteorological and technological work.
Kelvin Scale:
 Heat and Temperature Page No. :- 6

In1954, the Celsius scale was redefined in terms of the absolute zero and
the triple point of a specially purified water. This definition also precisely
relates the Celsius scale to the Kelvin, which defines the SI base unit of
temperature with symbol K.
On this scale freezing point of water is taken as the lower fixed point
(273K) and boiling point of water is taken as upper fixed point (373K). The
interval between two points is divided into 100 equal parts. Each division
is 1K.
1°C = 1 K
This is the natural scale of temperature also called the absolute
temperature scale. Absolute zero is the basis of the Kelvin scale. The scale
is based on ideal gas thermometer.