The heat energy (Q)

 Heat in science contexts refers to the form of energy transferred from low to high

temperature objects or systems. It may also be called the thermal or heat energy,

measures in Joules

 Change in temperature: (Q) = mcT, and the phase change=mL

 Q should be positive if the given system absorbs heat and is negative if the system is

associated with a heat loss.

Temperature

 Temperature refers to the physical quantity used for expressing the coldness or hotness of

a system or object and measured in thermometer.

 It may be defined as the expression of the thermal energy that a body or a system as,

which is the cause of the heat, or rather the energy flow from one to the other body or

system.

Thermal expansion

Thermal expansion is a characterizing phenomenon in physical sciences and engineering

observed in gases, liquids and solids.

In thermal expansion process, a body or system is noted to expand because of the application of

temperature or heat for that matter.

The phenomenon defines the tendency of a system or body to change its initial dimensions such

as the area, the volumes, length, or the density because of the heat applied.

Types of thermal expansion

There are three types in sciences describing the forms of thermal expansion as a concept.

The types depend on the dimension that is likely to be changed.

The three types are:

(i) Linear expansion: The increase in the length of an object or body when it is subjected

to rising temperature.

(ii) Areal expansion: It refers to the increase in the surface area of a specified substance

when it is placed under rising temperature. It is also known as superficial expansion.

(iii) Volume expansion: Volumetric expansion is the expansion in the volume of the

substance which is subjected to increasing temperature. For an open solid, volumetric

expansion refers to the expansion of the volume enclosed by it.

Linear thermal expansion is ΔL = αLΔT, where ΔL is the change in length L, ΔT is the change in

temperature, and α is the coefficient of linear expansion, which varies slightly with temperature.

The change in area due to thermal expansion is ΔA = 2αAΔT, where ΔA is the change in area.

Real life examples

If you have ever tried to unscrew a stuck lid off a glass jar, you'll appreciate this expansion

effect. ...

Bridges have a long span and in hot weather the materials that the bridge is made of will

expand. ...

A liquid, when heated, will expand and can be made to rise up a tube.

Heat energy
Heat energy is the result of the movement of tiny particles called atoms, molecules or ions in

solids, liquids and gases. Heat energy can be transferred from one object to another. The transfer

or flow due to the difference in temperature between the two objects is called heat.

Types of heat transfer methods

Conduction is heat transfer through stationary matter by physical contact. (The matter is

stationary on a macroscopic scale—we know there is thermal motion of the atoms and molecules

at any temperature above absolute zero.) Heat transferred between the electric burner of a stove

and the bottom of a pan is transferred by conduction.

Convection is the heat transfer by the macroscopic movement of a fluid. This type of transfer

takes place in a forced-air furnace and in weather systems, for example.

Heat transfer by radiation occurs when microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, or another

form of electromagnetic radiation is emitted or absorbed. An obvious example is the warming of

the Earth by the Sun. A less obvious example is thermal radiation from the human body.
Thermal equilibrium

hermal equilibrium. The condition under which two substances in physical contact with each

other exchange no heat energy. Two substances in thermal equilibrium are said to be at the same

temperature. See also thermodynamics.

Temperature scales

The degree Celsius (°C) scale was devised by dividing the range of temperature between the

freezing and boiling temperatures of pure water at standard atmospheric conditions (sea level

pressure) into 100 equal parts, resulting in temperatures of 0°C and 100°C respectively.

he kelvin (K) temperature scale is an extension of the degree Celsius scale down to absolute zero

(0 K), a hypothetical temperature characterized by a complete absence of heat energy. The kelvin

scale is related to the degree Celsius scale through the relationship: degrees Celsius = kelvin –

273.15 K.

The degree Fahrenheit (°F) non-metric temperature scale evolved over time so that the freezing

and boiling temperatures of water are whole but not round numbers (32 °F and 212 °F).

Specific heat capacity

he specific heat capacity is defined as the quantity of heat (J) absorbed per unit mass (kg) of the

material when its temperature increases 1 K (or 1 °C), and its units are J/(kg K) or J/(kg °C).

Latent heat and phase change

The latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat needed to cause a phase change between solid and

liquid. The latent heat of vaporization is the amount of heat needed to cause a phase change

between liquid and gas.