Physics 103: Lecture 4

Vectors - Motion in Two Dimensions

03/18/16

Todays lecture will be on

Vectors
Two dimensions
projectile motion

Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

Question?
I am going to roll the ball down the inclined plane. If the ball
reaches mark at distance 1 ft at time t1, when will the ball reach
the mark at distance 9 ft?
1. t9 = 9t1
2. t9 = 18 t1
3. t9 = 3t1

Theballismovingataconstantacceleration(a).
Itstartsfrompositionx0

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Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

Summary of Lecture 3
Equations

with constant acceleration

x = v0t + 1/2 at2

v = at

3.

v2 = v02 + 2a x

Free-fall: ay = -g = -9.81 m/s2

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y = y0 + v0yt - 1/2 gt2

vy = v0y - gt

vy2 = v0y2 - 2gy

Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

One Dimension

Define origin
Reference Frame
Define sense of direction
Position is a signed number (direction and magnitude)
Displacement, velocity, acceleration are also vectors specified just by
signed numbers

-4

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-3

-2

-1

Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

Two Dimensions

Position can be anywhere in the plane

Again, select an origin
Draw two mutually perpendicular lines meeting at the origin
Select +/- directions for horizontal (x) and vertical (y) axes
Any position in the plane is given by two signed numbers
A vector points to this position
The square of its length is, R2= Rx 2+ Ry 2
The angle of that vector is, = tan-1(Ry / Rx)

Ry

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Rx

Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

Rx = R cos
Ry = R sin

Preflight 4, Q 1 & 2

Can a vector have a component bigger than its magnitude?

Yes
No
35%
65%

0%

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The square of magnitude of a vector is

given in terms of its components by
R2= Rx 2+ Ry 2
Since the square is always positive the
components cannot be larger than the
magnitude
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Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

Preflight 4, Q 3 & 4

The sum of the two components of a non-zero 2-D

vector is zero. Which of these directions is the vector
pointing in?
45o
90o
135o
135o
180o
-45o

The sum of components is zero implies Rx = - Ry

The angle, = tan-1(Ry / Rx) = tan-1 -1 = 135o = -45o
(not unique, multiples of 2 )

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Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

Vector Algebra

Analytical method
Add the components separately to get
the components of sum vector
Rx = R1x + R2x
Ry = R1y + R2y
Scalar multiplication of vector
Can change magnitude and sign

Multiply all components by scalar

Components of sR are
sRx and sRy

Negation of vector (multiplying by -1)

Reverse signs of both components
Vector points in opposite direction

R=R1+R2
D=R2-R1
y
R2

D
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Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

R1
x

Vectors!

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Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

Two Dimensional Motion

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Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

10

Range of Soccer Ball

Dimensional Analysis:

Strategy:

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Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

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Kinematics in Two Dimensions

x = x0 + v0xt + 1/2 axt2

y = y0 + v0yt + 1/2 ayt2

vx = v0x + axt

vy = v0y + ayt

vx2 = v0x2 + 2ax x

vy2 = v0y2 + 2ay y

x and y motions are independent!

They share a common time t

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Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

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Kinematics for Projectile Motion

ax = 0

ay = -g

x = x0 + vxt

y = y0 + v0yt - 1/2 gt2

vx = v0x

vy = v0y - gt

vy2 = v0y2 - 2g y

x and y motions are independent!

They share a common time t

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Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

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Projectile Motion:
Maximum height reached
Time taken for getting there
Finalvelocity,v y = 0
Heightreached,hmax = y y 0
2
Usingkinematicsequation,v y2 = v 0y
2g( y y 0 )
2
v 0y
hmax =
2g
Timetakentoreachthisheight,usingv y = v 0y gt,

v 0y
t max =
g
Dependsonlyontheverticalcomponentoftheinitialvelocity
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Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

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Projectile Motion: Maximum Range

2v0y
Total time of travel,
t=
(twice the time to top)
g
Range is maximum distance traveled along horizonta
2v0y
2v0 sin0
R =v0xt =v0x
=v0 cos0
g
g

v02 sin20
R=
, using trig. id.
sin2 =2sincos
g
Depends on both magnitude and direction of initial v
Maximum range is sin2
for =1, i.e., =45o
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Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

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Soccer Ball

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Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

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Lecture 4, Pre-Flight 5&6

You and a friend are standing on level ground, each holding identical
baseballs. At exactly the same time, and from the same height, you drop
your baseball without throwing it while your friend throws her baseball
horizontally as hard as she can. Which ball hits the ground first?
1. Your ball
2. Your friends ball
correct
3. They both hit the ground at the same time

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Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

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Lecture 4, Pre-Flight 5&6

(great answers)
They both have the same initial vertical component with the same
acceleration due to gravity, therefore they hit the ground at the same
time.
No matter how much horizontal velocity is put on an object it
still falls at the same rate as any other dropped object.

y = y0 + voyt - gt2/2
v0y = 0 and y=0
Therefore, t=sqrt(2y0/g)
Result is independent of v0x
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Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

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Lecture 4, Pre-Flight 7&8

A flatbed railroad car is moving along a track at constant velocity. A
passenger at the center of the car throws a ball straight up. Neglecting air
resistance, where will the ball land?
1. Forward of the center of the car
correct
2. At the center of the car
3. Backward of the center of the car

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Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

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Great Answers!

The train and the ball have the same horizontal velocity and by throwing the
ball straight up, the horizontal component is not changed.
The ball has no acceleration in the horizontal direction. Therefore, the balls
remains directly above the center of the train at all times during the flight
and would fall directly back toward the center of the train.

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Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

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Summary

Projectile Motion

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x = x0 + v0t

y = y0 + v0yt - 1/2 gt2

vy = v0y - gt

vy2 = v0y2 - 2g y

v = v0x

Physics 103, Spring 2009, U.Wisconsin

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