History of Hardware and Software
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ScribdTranslationsHistory of Hardware and Software
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ScribdTranslationsHISTORY OF HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
The history of the computer.
3000 A.A.C.: Fingers of the hand. Turks in the land with moving beads.
500 A.A.C.: Abaco (Iron bars with movable beads)
17th Century: 1642. Blaise Pascal invented the first wooden and wheel calculator.
notches; added and subtracted. And I call her Pascalina.
1673, Leilentz machine. It is an improvement of the Pascaline. Its function was to multiply and
divide.
19th century: Analytical machine created by Babbage in 1833. It used cards.
perforated.
Tabulating machine created by Hollerith for the 1890 census of the United States
Based on this machine, Hollerith founded the company I.B.M.
20th century: in 1946, Howard Aiken designed the MARK I machine, the first computer.
electromechanics (Valves and rails)
Because computing and computers themselves were born in the womb of
research centers, especially American ones, have been to some extent
it is logical to inherit concepts and technical expressions from English.
The term HARDWWARE, which means hardware store, is used with a fine and little
subtle irony, to refer to the tangible elements of the team, such as the card
mother, the memory, the hard drive and other storage devices.
Generation of computers
First generation: 1946-1955. The technology of this generation was based on
large and heavy vacuum valves; which would overheat, and had to be
change them with frequencies.
The input and output of data was done using punched cards or tapes, by
what the processing of information was slow and sequential.
Second generation: 1956-1964. In this generation, computers used
transistors that were much smaller and more reliable than vacuum tubes. The
the size of computers has decreased considerably. The data began in
cylinders and magnetic tapes. A new output peripheral also appears, the
printer and the first high-level languages are developed: Fortran, Cofol.
They started to be used for commercial purposes.
Third generation: 1965-1970. This generation is characterized by the use of
integrated circuit chips. A chip allows thousands of transistors to be grouped in a
silicon wafer barely larger than a transistor. In this way, the speed of
processing increased substantially, likewise, the systems are improved
existing storage and new programming languages were developed:
Pascal; Basic; logo.
Computers began to be used for multiple purposes.
Fourth generation: 1971-2000. During this generation, systems were optimized.
chip production achieving high integration scale integrated circuits
(LSI) and very high integration scale (VLSI). PCs emerged. And home computers,
which its use became popular. The internet that existed from the previous generation became
también accesible a los hogares, y todo el mundo comenzó a estar conectado con un
low price.
HARDWARE
Hardware has been an important component of the computing process and
data storage since it became useful for numerical values
they were processed and shared. The most primitive computer hardware was
probably the counting stick; later inscribed it allowed to remember a certain amount
of elements, probably livestock or grains, in containers. Something similar is
can be found near the Minoan excavations. These elements seem
have been used by merchants, accountants, and government officials of the
epoch.
Assistive devices from computing have changed from simple
recording and counting devices such as the abacus, the slide rule, the computer
analog and the most recent, the computer. Until today, a user
experienced with the abacus using a device that is over 100 years old can
sometimes complete basic operations faster than an inexperienced person in
the use of electronic calculators, although in the case of the
Computers can be divided into software and hardware. The hardware of
computing is the physical machine, which under the direction of a program, stores and
manipulate the data. Originally, the calculations were made by humans,
who were called computers, as a title of work or profession. This
the article covers the main developments in the history of computing hardware, and
try to put them in context. For a detailed timeline, see the article timeline
of the history of computing. The article History of Computing deals with
methods provided for the pen and paper, with or without the help of tables. Since
digital calculators rely on digital storage, and they tend to be
limited by the size and speed of memory, the history of storage
Computer data is tied to the development of computers.
SOFTWWARE:
Although just as important as the physical components of the equipment is the SOFTWARE.
that we cannot catch with our hands. In any case, its work at first glance
it is clearly perceptible.
Software is the set of instructions that communicate the
different PC devices and allow you to perform any task, belong to that
category the same operation, the programs or configuration files
Software, computer programs. They are the instructions responsible for the
hardware (the machine) performs its task. As a general concept, software can
divide into several categories based on the type of work performed. The two
primary categories of software are operating systems (system software),
that control the computer or laptop jobs, and the application software,
that directs the various tasks for which computers are used. Therefore,
the system software processes tasks that are essential, yet often invisible,
like disk file maintenance and screen management,
mientras que el software de aplicación lleva a cabo tareas de tratamiento de textos,
database management and similar. They constitute two separate categories the
network software, which allows groups of users to communicate, and the software of
language used to write programs.
In addition to these task-based categories, several types of software are described.
based on their distribution method. Among them are the software
packaged, developed by companies to be sold primarily to
through distributors; freeware or free software, which is offered at no cost
some; the shareware, similar to freeware but with additional limitations. There are
also free licenses, particularly those with copyleft such as the GNU GPL, and the
permissive licenses such as the BSD License and the MIT License. Free licenses are
they are characterized by granting the licensee permission to use it for any purpose,
study it, distribute it and modify it.
History and evolution of the software industry
1960-1970: Large central computers (mainframes) dominated the large
corporations. Users were limited to terminals with no processing power.
• Early 80s: The reality of having a 'desktop computer' (PC) is achieved.
Personal Computer). At the same time, the 'desktop software' is born, which promotes the
personal productivity, such as spreadsheets and word processors.
80's: PCs start to connect (Networks and Servers). They are shared.
files, hard drives, and printers. Applications such as email become popular.
electronic and shared agendas.
Early 90s: It is the dominance of client/server systems.
Mid-90s: The global network bursts onto the scene: Internet. In its beginnings
static pages provide information, but are quickly used as a means of
access dynamic and interactive applications. Nowadays, companies extend
their arms over the network to eliminate intermediaries and bring processes closer to the
internal users (intranet) or external users (extranet) through applications. They arise
new businesses based on the Internet: e-commerce.
Early 2000s: Wireless networks, mobile devices, and cell phones emerge
with strength in the fields of entertainment, music, and videos on the Internet.
The internet is mainly used to search for information through search engines.
Internet (Google, Yahoo! and others) and publish personal information on Blogs.
Santiago Deprati
santydeprati@[Link]
