AVID Study Guide – High-Yield Review, Key
Concepts & Practice Exercises for 100% Learning
Confidence
What is the major function of mitochondria? - ANSW✔️-produce ATP
The primary site of protein synthesis is the? - ANSW✔️-Ribosome
The phagocytic cells in the epidermis are? - ANSW✔️-Langerhans cells
The least common type of cartilage is? - ANSW✔️-Elastic cartilage
Which cells are found in the Epidermis? - ANSW✔️-keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells,
merkel cells
Large, multi-nucleated fibers are found in? - ANSW✔️-skeletal muscle
Membranes are organs formed by the combination of which tissue? - ANSW✔️-Epithelial and
connective
What is the term for molecule movement across a membrane from low concentration to high
concentration? - ANSW✔️-Active Transport
Recycling and changing the cell membrane is the major function of which organelle(s)? - ANSW✔️-
Peroxisomes, and Golgi Apparatus
The two layers of a serous membranes are? - ANSW✔️-Visceral and Parietal
Which of the following is a part of the nucleus? - ANSW✔️-DNA and histones
A bone cell that produces new bone matrix is? - ANSW✔️-an osteoblast
Mature Cartilage Cells are termed? - ANSW✔️-chondrocytes
What cells can be found in connective tissue? - ANSW✔️-Osteocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts?
The wet membrane that covers cavities, which opens to the external surface of the body is called the? -
ANSW✔️-Mucous membrane
What is correct about the simple epithelia? - ANSW✔️-The consist of a single cell layer, and they are
avascular
The _______ lines the body wall within the abdominopelvic cavity? - ANSW✔️-Parietal Peritoneum
Which type of tissue is found in the capsules of organs? - ANSW✔️-Dense irregular connective tissue
Serous cells undergo which mechanism of secretion - ANSW✔️-Merocrine
Which tissue is found in the walls of arteries and around the bronchial tubes? - ANSW✔️-Elastic
connective tissue
Which tissue lines the ureters and part of the urethra? - ANSW✔️-Transitional Epithelium
Cytoskeletal microtubules disassemble during which phase of mitosis? - ANSW✔️-Prophase
Which cellular organelles are responsible for lipid metabolism? - ANSW✔️-Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
What occurs in mitosis? - ANSW✔️-Chromatids become chromosomes, nuclear membranes form, and
chromatin threads coil and condense
Which intercellular attachment, also called "macula adherens", consists of a system and cell adhesion
molecules and intercellular cement? - ANSW✔️-Desmosomes
Under high environmental temperatures and humidity, - ANSW✔️-Bodies are cooled primarily by the
merocrine sweat glands
As keratinocytes are pushed towards the stratum corneum, they: - ANSW✔️-Become less viable
What is the combination of function of the sebum? - ANSW✔️-Lubricating the skin, and inhibiting the
growth of bacteria on the skin?
The integument is separated from the deep fascia by the: - ANSW✔️-Hypodermis
What are the fiver layers of thick skin starting from the bottom? - ANSW✔️-Stratum Basale, Stratum
Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum, and Stratum Corneum
Which of the following vertebral column levels has an intervertebral disc? - ANSW✔️-Between T12 and
L1, and between C7 and T1
A small, synovial fluid-filled pocket in connective tissue, which may be connected to a joint cavity is a? -
ANSW✔️-Bursa
Which of the following is most unique to the knee? - ANSW✔️-menisci
Structures that connect muscle to bone are called? - ANSW✔️-Tendon
The olecranon is a part of the? - ANSW✔️-ulna
What vertebral structures can most easily be seen or felt on the ventral surface? - ANSW✔️-Body
(Centrum)
The squamous structure is the boundary between which bones? - ANSW✔️-Parietal and temporal
The type of joint formed by the teeth in gums is? - ANSW✔️-A gomphosis
What are the structures of the scapula? - ANSW✔️-Spinous process, Glenoid Cavity, Spinous Fossa, and
Acromion
The structure that houses the pituitary gland is found in which bone? - ANSW✔️-Sphenoid
In the ankle, the tarsal bone that articulates with both legs bones is the? - ANSW✔️-Talus
The structure of the os coxa that can be felt on the anterior of the hip is the - ANSW✔️-Anterior
superior iliac spine
the patella: - ANSW✔️-Increases the contraction force of the quadriceps femoris
The cruciate ligaments attach to the ________ of the tibia? - ANSW✔️-Intercondylar Eminence
The Fibula: - ANSW✔️-Provides lateral stability to the ankle and is the lateral bone of the leg?
Ligaments inside a joint capsule are called: - ANSW✔️-intracapsular
The pectoral girdle meets the axial skeleton where: - ANSW✔️-The clavicle attaches to the manubrium
A cartilaginous joint that does not permit movement is a: - ANSW✔️-Synchondrosis
Most of the anterior surface of the scapula is formed by the - ANSW✔️-olecranon process
Which layer is found only in the skin of the palms and the soles of the feet? - ANSW✔️-Stratum
Lucidum
Which integumentary layer is comprised of loose areolar connective tissue? - ANSW✔️-Papillary layer
of dermis
Which are macrophage-like dendritic cells, which use receptor-mediated endocytosis to remove foreign
proteins in the epidermis - ANSW✔️-Langerhans Cells
In bony tissue, which structures connect the vascular and nervous supply of the periosteum to the
medullary cavity? - ANSW✔️-Perforating canals
Which structure forms the anterior border of the sella turcica? - ANSW✔️-Tuberculum Sellae
Which structure, also known as as the lateral condyle of the humerus, articulates with the radius? -
ANSW✔️-Greater Tubercle
Which of the following is a clavicular structure that functions as an attachment site for a ligament? -
ANSW✔️-Conoid tubercle
Which structure is located at the Y-Shaped junction of the ilium, ischium, and pubis? - ANSW✔️-
Acetabulum
The triceps brachii and rectus femoris are good examples of? - ANSW✔️-Extensors
Semitendinosus is assisted in extension of the thigh by the synergist muscle: - ANSW✔️-Biceps femoris
What muscles belong to the hamstring group? - ANSW✔️-Semimebranosus, semitendinosus, and bicep
femoris?
Muscles in the sural region include? - ANSW✔️-The planataris, the soleus, and the gastrocnemius
The erector spinae muscle located most lateral to the vertebral column is the: - ANSW✔️-Iliocostalis
The most superficial layer of the abdominal muscles is the: - ANSW✔️-External oblique
The powerful flexors of the thigh are the: - ANSW✔️-iliopsoas
The connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle is called: - ANSW✔️-Perimysium
What are the primary flexors of the wrist? - ANSW✔️-Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, and
palmaris longus
All of the muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron constitute a: - ANSW✔️-Motor unit
The function of the tensor fascia lata is to? - ANSW✔️-steady the trunk on the thigh by making the
iliotibial tract taut
What muscles compress the abdomen? - ANSW✔️-Internal oblique, external oblique
The actions of the rhomboideus major muscle include: - ANSW✔️-The adduct and rotate the scapula
downward
The muscle that can both flex and adduct the arm is the: - ANSW✔️-Pectoralis major
Which muscle found on the dorsum of the foot is found in the third layer? - ANSW✔️-Adductor Hallucis
Which muscles acts to plantar flex the foot? - ANSW✔️-gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
Which hypothenar muscle originates on the pisiform bone? - ANSW✔️-Abductor digit minimi
The coronoid process of the ulna and the elbow joint capsule comprise the site of insertion for which
muscles? - ANSW✔️-Brachialis
What are the functions of the teres minor muscle? - ANSW✔️-Rotates humerus laterally, helps hold the
humerus in the glenoid cavity, adduction at the shoulder, and stabilizes the shoulder joint
Which muscles act to elevate the hyoid bone and steady it during swallowing and speech? - ANSW✔️-
Digastric
What are the characteristics of the medial pteyrgoid muscle? - ANSW✔️-Protracts mandible, promotes
side-to-side movements, and functions during mastication.
What is true about the white (Type 2) fibers? - ANSW✔️-The depend on anaerobic pathways to make
ATP, they contract rapidly, they fatigue quickly, and they contain little myoglobin; this they are pale.
Which pituitary cell type secretes luteinizing hormone? - ANSW✔️-Gonadotropic cells
Respiratory activities are controlled by: - ANSW✔️-centers in the pons and the medulla oblongata
Conscious thought processes and all intellectual functions originate in the - ANSW✔️-Cerebral
hemispheres
A highly specialized region of the sympathetic division that causes widespread sympathetic activation is
found in the: - ANSW✔️-Adrenal Medulla
Typical sympathetic postganglionic fibers that release norepinephrine at neuroeffector junctions are
classified as: - ANSW✔️-Adrenergic
The autonomic division of the nervous system directs - ANSW✔️-Processes that maintain homeostasis
Which gland is comprised if chief cells that are arranged in thick, branching cords and secrete a
hormone, which raises low blood calcium levels? - ANSW✔️-Parathyroid Gland
The sympathetic division of the ANS differs from the parasympathetic division of the ANS in that: -
ANSW✔️-The postglanglionic fibers of the sympathetic system are relatively longer than those of the
parasympathetic system, and the sympathetic division is more divergent than is the parasympathetic
system
Facial cranial nerves - ANSW✔️-5, 7, 9, 10, 11
What are the five branches of the facial nerve? - ANSW✔️-Buccal, temporal, zygomatic, and cervical,
mandibular
The ventral root of the spinal nerve contains: - ANSW✔️-axons of motor neurons
Only cones are found in the: - ANSW✔️-fovea
The major somatosensory pathways include the: - ANSW✔️-posterior column pathway and
spinocerebellar pathway
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do? - ANSW✔️-Functions as the rest and response
division, conserves energy, and promotes sedentary activities
The major function of the inferior colliculi includes reflexes involved with: - ANSW✔️-the ears
To contact an oligodendrocyte, where would a microprobe have to be inserted in the nervous system? -
ANSW✔️-In the CNS only
Glucocorticoid, which stabilize blood glucose levels, are secreted by the: - ANSW✔️-Zona Fasciculata,
and Zona Reticulata
Which hormones are found in the neurohypophysis? - ANSW✔️-ADH and oxytocin
Which disorder reflects damage to auditory receptor cells or neural pathways? - ANSW✔️-
Sensorineural deafness
What are the structures are found in the membranous labyrinth? - ANSW✔️-Utricle, and saccule
What is part of the following the vascular tunic? - ANSW✔️-Ciliary Body
True or False: Fast Adapting receptors are phasic? - ANSW✔️-True
Which nerve innervates the adductor muscle groups and superomedial thigh skin? - ANSW✔️-
Obturator Nerve
Regarding spinal nerves, which structure contains motor fibers that originate in the spinal cord? -
ANSW✔️-Ventral Root
Which brachial plexus nerve is formed by the lateral and medial cords? - ANSW✔️-Median Nerve
Which mesencephalic structure acts in the classic "startle response"? - ANSW✔️-Corpora
Quadrigemina
The right ventricle: - ANSW✔️-Pumps blood out of the heart to the pulmonary circuit
The prominent muscles that run along the inner surface of the ventricles and which are attached to
chordae tendinae are: - ANSW✔️-Papillary muscles
Besides transporting respiratory gases, what other functions are performed by erythrocytes? -
ANSW✔️-None; transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide is their only function
The bulges that give the lymphatic vessels the "string of beads" appearance is due to: - ANSW✔️-
Closely spaced valves within the vessels
The most superior branch of the abdominal aorta, which supplies the liver, stomach, esophagus,
gallbladder, duodenum, pancreas, and spleen is: - ANSW✔️-The gonadal artery
Which is the least common type of white blood cell? - ANSW✔️-Basophil
Elastic arteries: - ANSW✔️-The tunica media of these arteries contain high density of elastic fibers and
relatively few smooth muscle cells
The right common carotid artery and right subclavian arteries are branches of the: - ANSW✔️-
Brachiocephalic trunk
After leaving the thoracic cavity and passing over the outer border of the first rib, the subclavian artery
becomes the: - ANSW✔️-Axillary Artery
Which blood cell lacks a nucleus? - ANSW✔️-Mature RBC
Capillaries whose endothelial cells are connected by tight junctions are called: - ANSW✔️-Continuous
capillaries
An artery can be distinguished from a vein because an artery will be? - ANSW✔️-Walls are thicker, their
wall retains their round ship due to their thick and strong walls, while veins tend to collapse because
their walls are thinner, and the arteries have a smaller lumen than does a similar-sized vein.
What is part of the lymph node? - ANSW✔️-Nodule, trabeculae, medulla, and cortex
Muscular Arteries: - ANSW✔️-have a thick media with a large amount of smooth muscle fiber within
them, and are exemplified by the external carotid, brachial, and femoral artiereis
Which artery delivers blood to most of the large intestine? - ANSW✔️-Superior mesenteric artery
Which layer of blood vessels consist of collagen and elastic fibers, with cells and fibers running
longitudinally? - ANSW✔️-Tunica Externa
Metarterioles are structural intermediates between: - ANSW✔️-Arterioles and capillaries
What is defined by the lub sound during the cardiac cycle? - ANSW✔️-Closing of atrioventricular valves
at the start of the ventricular systole
The ability of leukocytes to move through vessel walls is called: - ANSW✔️-Diapediesis
What is the primary source of plasma proteins? - ANSW✔️-Liver
An excessive platelet count, indicating accelerated platelet formation in response to infection,
inflammation, or cancer, is called: - ANSW✔️-Thrombocytosis
normal erythropoiesis in myeloid tissues requires adequate supplies of amino acids, iron, and -
ANSW✔️-Vitamin B12
The basic functional unit of the liver is the: - ANSW✔️-lobule
What are the functions of the respiratory system? - ANSW✔️-Movement if air to and from the
exchange surfaces, production of sound, and providing an extensive surface area for gas exchange
What is small intestine feature that increases the surface area for digestion and absorption? -
ANSW✔️-Microvilli
What absorbs digested fats? - ANSW✔️-lacteals
Contraction of the cremaster muscle - ANSW✔️-moves the testis closer to the body cavity
An hepatic (portal) triad consists of branches of the: - ANSW✔️-Hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and
hepatic vein
The ureters: - ANSW✔️-Have a layer of transitional epithelium
The process whereby ovum production occurs is: - ANSW✔️-oogenesis
The right primary bronchus is: - ANSW✔️-more prone to blockage, steeper and less resistant to airflow
What is the function of Sertoli Cells? - ANSW✔️-Nourish the spermatogenic cells, secrete androgen-
binding protein, and form the blood -testis barrier
What cells produce surfactant? - ANSW✔️-Type 2 Cells
The left lung: - ANSW✔️-has a cardiac notch
Which arteries directly supply the basilar layer of the endometrium? - ANSW✔️-Straight Arteries
The mechanism of urine production in the uriniferous tubule, a process in which most of the nutrients,
water, and essential ions are reclaimed from the filtrate is called: - ANSW✔️-Reabsoprtion
What is located on the posterior wall of the bladder interior, defined by the openings for both ureters
and for the urethra? - ANSW✔️-Trigone
The layer, which adheres directly to the kidney's surface is the: - ANSW✔️-Perirenal Fat
Blood exits the glomerulus via the: - ANSW✔️-efferent arteriole
Which structure marks the boundary between the superior nasopharynx and the rest of the pharynx? -
ANSW✔️-Soft Palate
Which layer of the tracheal wall contains seromucous glands? - ANSW✔️-Submucosa
What structure is found in the large intestine? - ANSW✔️-Teniae Coli
What structure leads directly from the gallbladder toward the porta hepatis? - ANSW✔️-Cystic Duct
The pancreatic and pancreato-duodenal arteries are major branches from the: - ANSW✔️-Common
hepatic, superior mesenteric, and splenic arteries
Which layer appears in the inferior third of the ureters? - ANSW✔️-External longitudinal smooth
muscle layer
Compression of what structure compresses the urinary bladder, expelling its contents into the urethra? -
ANSW✔️-Detrusor Muscle
Which phase of the ovarian cycle involved a weakening and rupture of the follicle wall? - ANSW✔️-
Luteal phase
What makes exocrine glands different from endocrine glands? - ANSW✔️-Exocrine glands go into the
duct and endocrine glands go into the bloodstream.
What is the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis? What hormones are produced in each location? -
ANSW✔️-Adenohypophysis: Anterior Pituitary Gland
-Secretes LH, FSH, GH, prolaction, ATCH, TSH
Neurohypophysis: Posterior Pituitary Galnd
-Secretes Oxytocin and ADH
What is the only hormone produced in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland?
Why is there a spike in this hormone during pregancy - ANSW✔️--MSH (Melanocyte Stimulating
Hormone)
-Produced the line nigra
The two lobes of the thyroid gland are joined by the.... - ANSW✔️-Isthmus
Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormones have the same/ opposite action, and what is the action of each? -
ANSW✔️--Opposite
-Calcitonin: Decreased calcium level
-PTH: Increased blood calcium levels
Which endocrine gland atrophies as we age? And what other cells can also be found here? - ANSW✔️--
Thymus
-T Cells develop here
What organ functions as both exocrine and endocrine gland? - ANSW✔️-Pancreas
-Exocrine: Secretes digestive enzymes
-Endocrine: Secretes insulin and glucagon
Name the hormones made in each pancreatic islet cells: - ANSW✔️-Alpha Cells: Glucagon
Beta Cells: Insulin
Delta Cells: Somatostin
F Cells: Pancreatic Polipeptide
Which hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla? - ANSW✔️-Adrenal
Cortex: Androgens (mildly), cortisol, and aldosterone
Medulla: Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and the androgens
True or False: Is blood connective tissue? - ANSW✔️-True, a fluid with lymph
Hemostasis - ANSW✔️-Stopping of blood flow
The functions of blood - ANSW✔️--Distribute nutrients, oxygen, and hormones
-Delivers metabolic waste from kidney excretion
-Transports immunological cells that provide defense against pathogens and toxins
-Stabilizes PH and electrolytes
-Its clotting reaction restricts the loss of fluid
-Stabilizes body temperature by absorbing and redistributing heat
Components of Blood - ANSW✔️-Plasma and formed elements
What is in plasma? - ANSW✔️-Liquid Matrix of blood, serum, albumins, globulins. and fibrinogens
What is in formed elements? - ANSW✔️-erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
Blood flow through the heart and body - ANSW✔️-Starts at the body-into the superior/inferior vena
cava (coronary sinus)-into the right atrium-through the tricuspid valve-right ventricle-pulmonary
semilunar valves-pulmonary arteries- lungs-pulmonary veins- left atrium-bicuspid valve-left ventricle-
aortic semilunar valves- aorta-body
What is the difference between systemic and pulmonary circuit - ANSW✔️--Systemic: the body and it is
oxygen rich to oxygen poor
-Pulmonary: the lungs and it is oxygen poor to oxygen rich
What are the coverings and layers of the heart superficial to deep? - ANSW✔️-Fibrous pericardium-
Parietal layer of the serous pericardium-The visceral layer of the serous pericardium (epicardium)-
Myocardium-Endocardium
Lub - ANSW✔️-closing of AV valves which is the start of the atrioventricular systole
Dub - ANSW✔️-closing of semilunar valves at the end of the ventricular systole
Systole - ANSW✔️-Contraction of the heart chamber
Diastole - ANSW✔️-The heart chamber is filling with blood
What makes up the lymphatic system? - ANSW✔️-Lymph organs(thymus, spleen, and tonsils), lymph
(connective tissue), lymph tissue, (nodes and vessels)
What are the components of lymph? - ANSW✔️-Institial Fluid, lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, NK cells)
What are the functions of the lymphatic and immmune system? - ANSW✔️--Immune defense,
producing, maintaining/ circulating lymphocytes
-Alternative way for nutrient delivery
-Maintain blood volume
What are the primary lymphoid tissue? (Where lymphocytes are made and matured) - ANSW✔️--
Thymus- T cells
-Bone Marrow
What are secondary lymphoid tissues? - ANSW✔️--Lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen
Lymphocytes are responsibly for specific immunity. What do these cells respond to and what is the goal
of these responses? - ANSW✔️--T cells: Self cells mediated immunity
-B Cells: Antibody mediated immunity
-NK cells: Surveillance
What are the functions of the respiratory system? - ANSW✔️--Gas exchange, air movement, protect
respiratory surfaces, defense inhaled particles/pathogens, speech/sound production, BV/BP
What structures are in the conducting zone? And what does the conducting zone do? - ANSW✔️--
Structures: Trachea, Nasal Cavity, Oral cavity, Pharynx, Larynx
-Moistens/ warms inhaled air
What structures are in the respiratory zone and what does it do? - ANSW✔️--Structures: Alveoli, and
Respiratory Bronchioles
-Gas Exchange
What type of tissue lines most of the Respiratory Tract? - ANSW✔️-Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
What is the epiglottis and what type of tissue is it made out of? - ANSW✔️-Flap that covers the trachea
and is made out of elastic cartilage
What type of tissue makes up the carina, tracheal rings, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage -
ANSW✔️-Cartilage
List the branches of the lower respiratory track from the trachea to alveoli - ANSW✔️-Trachea- Primary
Bronchi- Secondary Bronchi- Tertiary Bronchi- Terminal Bronchioles- Respiratory Bronchioles- Alveoli
