Lesson 1-Quarter 3: Endocrine System

Biology-originated from the Greek words bios (“life”)

and logos (“study)

Functions of Endocrine System

Controls the body processes that happen slowly such as
cell growth

Endocrine System -is composed of glands

Gland-is an organ capable of secreting hormones a. Anterior Lobe- secretes trophic hormones

Hormones-are chemical substances secreted by

Trophic Hormones Function
endocrine glands 1. Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete
Glands: (ACTH) glucocorticoid hormone
2. Somatotrophic Hormone (Growth Stimulates metabolism and the bones and
Hormone) the muscles to grow
3. Thyrotrophic Stimulating Hormone Stimulates the thyroid to secrete hormones
(TSH)
4. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Stimulates the secretion of estrogen in
female and the development of egg cell and
sperm cell
5. Leutinizing Hormone (LH) Stimulates the secretion of progesterone in
female and testosterone in male
6. Luteotrophic Hormone (LtH) or Stimulates the breast to secrete milk
Prolactin

1. Hypothalamus 6. Thymus Conditions Causes by the Hypo and Hyper Secretion of

2. Pituitary Gland 7. Adrenal Glands Growth Hormone:
3. Pineal Gland 8. Pancreas Gigantism-is caused by the hyper or excessive
4. Thyroid Gland 9. Ovary secretions of growth hormone
5. Parathyroid 10. Testis
Acromegaly-is a condition wherein the nose, jaw,
1. Hypothalamus: hands, and feet grow out of proportion
-secretes two kinds
of hormones: Dwarfism-is caused by hypo or low secretion of growth
1. Releasing hormone
Hormone (RH)-
stimulates the b. Posterior Lobe
pituitary gland to
secrete hormone
2. Inhibiting
Hormone (IH)- stop
the pituitary gland
to stop in secreting
hormone*

2. Pituitary Gland:
-has a size of about a pea
-referred to as the ”master gland”*
-has 2 parts:
a. Anterior Lobe
b. Posterior Lobe
 Hormones Function
1. Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH) or Promotes the retention of water by the kidneys
Vasopressin
2. Oxytocin Stimulates the contraction of uterus durong
childbirth and the mammary gland to release milk

Endemic Goiter-is an iodine-deficiency disease

characterized by thyroid enlargement that occurs in
3. Pineal Gland: more than 10% of a population
-has a size of about a pea located at the base of a
human brain Cretin- is a severe deficiency of thyroid hormone which
-secretes melatonin that functions in maintaining out leads to stunted growth and mental retardation
body’s rhythm and it promotes
sleep 4. Thyroid Gland-also secretes calcitonin causes storage
of calcium in the bones

5. Parathyroid Gland-are the four, small, and reddish

glands that are found on the posterior lobes of the
thyroid gland
-secretes parathormone

6. Thymus-located at the middle part of the chest

-plays an important role in the immune system by
secreting thymosin
-thymosin aids in the development of T cells

4. Thyroid Gland: 7. Adrenal Glands-

-is an H-shaped gland located in the neck on both sides -are the paired glands above the kidneys
of the trachea -consist of 2 parts:
-secretes thyroxin a. adrenal cortex
b. adrenal medulla
Conditions Causes by the Hypo and Hyper Secretion of
Thyroxin
a. Hyperthyroidism- is due to over secretion of thyroxin a. Adrenal Cortex- is the outer layer and secretes
-effects: irritability, weight loss, high blood pressure, corticosteroids
and exophthalmic goiter Corticosteroids Function
Exophthalmic Goiter 1. Glucocorticoids increase blood gluccose and aid the body in
-aka Graves’ disease characterized by the enlargement
of the thyroid gland and suffering from exophthalmos coping with stressful conditions
b. Hypothyroidism- is due to under secretion of 2. Mineralocorticoids Regulate the absorption of sodium ions and the
thyroxin
-effects: endemic goiter and cretinism secretion of potassium ions in the kidneys
b. Adrenal Medulla- is the inner layer and is referred to
as the “gland of combat”*
 Hormones Function
1. Adrenaline (Epinephrine) The emergency hormone that hastens metabolic
activities of the body
2. Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) Similar to adrenaline function and supplements
the action of the nervous system
8. Pancreas-consists of Islets of Langerhans (tissues of
pancreas) which is made up of 2 kinds of cells:
a. alpha cells b. beta cells

a. alpha cells -secretes glucagon which increases the

level of glucose in the blood by changing the glycogen
to glucose

a. beta cells -secretes insulin which lowers blood

glucose by changing it to glycogen

9. Gonads
a. Ovaries-female gonads which secrete estrogen
and progesterone

estrogen- develops and maintains the

development of the secondary sex characteristics
and the development of the uterine linings

progesterone- doubles the effect of estrogen in

developing the uterine linings during pregnancy

b. Testes-male gonads which secrete testosterone

testosterone- function in sperm production; and in

the development and maintenance of the
secondary sex characteristics