Structure and Function of -response hormones Pineal body

Endocrine System -metabolism hormones -Produces the hormone

Exocrine vs. Endocrine -and more…. melatonin which regulate daily
Exocrine – release products sleep-wake cycle or seasonal
(enzymes) into ducts rhythms associated with
-e.g.) Sweat, tears, digestive existing light conditions.
juices -Melatonin:
-Target tissues: hypothalamus
Endocrine – directly to -Functions: plays a role in
bloodstream; NO DUCTS onset of puberty and controls
-e.g) Hormones circadian rhythms. Light affects
its function.
Endocrine System
Glands – release products to
the bloodstream directly.
Hormones – products deliver
messages to body
-Chemical messengers
secreted by
endocrine glands, and
transported by the
Structure and Functions The
bloodstream.
Endo. System
Target cells – have specific
receptors for specific
hormones

The Endo. System GENERAL

FUNCTIONS
Homeostasis exists when
-Maintains homeostasis by there
regulating the production of is a
chemicals that affect most
functions of the body.

-Secretes substances that aid

the nervous system.
balance of
-Important regulator of growth Hypothalamus
substances. Endo. conditions
and development. -Structure located above the
are due to either hypo (too
pituitary gland that translates
little) or hyper (too much)
Endocrine system releases nervous system impulses into
secretions of substances
hormones endocrine
(hormones).
-growth hormones system messages.
-sex hormones -Controls pituitary secretions.
Glands and Their Hormones

Pituitary Gland
Master gland
-Controls the other endocrine
glands
Growth Hormone (GH)
-Too much – gigantism
-Too little – dwarfism
Antidiuretic (ADH)
-Stimulates kidneys to keep
water
POSTERIOR (back)
PITUITARY GLAND
-releases neurohormones
made in hypothalamus
1. Oxytocin – stimulates the
contraction of uterus and
mammary gland
cells.
-The hormone involved in
inducing labor during
childbirth.
-Hormone involved in bonding.
-Hormone involved in
relationships.
-Might be deficient in Autism.
2. ADH – promotes retention
of water by kidneys.
ANTERIOR (front)
PITUITARY GLAND
1.Growth Hormone –
stimulates growth and
metabolic function.
2.Prolactin – stimulates milk
production and
secretion.
3.Follicle Stimulating
Hormone – stimulates
the production of ova and
sperm.
4.Luteinizing Hormone –
stimulates ovaries and
testes.
5.Thyroid- Stimulating
Hormone–stimulates
thyroid gland.
Thyroid
-Produces hormones that
regulate body metabolism
(thyroxin).
-Lowers blood calcium level
(calcitonin).
THYROXIN
1. Too little thyroxine –
hypothyroidism
a. Depression, attention,
memory problems, weight
gain.
2. Too much thyroxine –
hyperthyroidism
a. Agitation, irritability, &
weight loss.
*Goiters – Growths on thyroid
gland
Parathyroid
-Secretes parathyroid
hormone, which affects the
amount of calcium in the
blood.
-Raises blood calcium level.
PARAthyroid Glands
-PTH-Parathyroid hormones
-Increases the making of
Vitamin D in the body.
-Causes bones to release
calcium and phosphate
-PARATHORMONE – raises
the blood calcium level.
Pancreas
-Produces the hormones
insulin and glucagon. Insulin
regulates transportation of
sugar, fatty acids, and amino
acids into the cells.
-Insulin lowers blood sugar
level.
-Glucagon raises the blood
sugar level.
Thymus Gland
-The thymus gland, located
behind your sternum and
between your lungs, is only
active until puberty.
-After puberty, the thymus
starts to slowly shrink and
become replaced by fat.
-Your thymus gland reaches its
maximum size when you're a
teenager. Then, it starts to
shrink slowly. By the time you
turn 75 years old, your thymus
gland turns to fat.
-Thymosin is the hormone of
the thymus, and it stimulates
the development of
disease-fighting T cells.
Adrenal glands
(top of the kidney)
2. Aldosterone regulates
mineral such as Na, Ca, and
Water balance in the
blood.
-helps regulate your blood pH
(how acidic or basic it is) by
controlling the levels of
electrolytes in your blood.
3. Androgens such as
Testosterone
-influence the development of
male secondary characteristics
-Adrenal Medulla (inner)
1. Adrenaline &
Noradrenaline both help to
trigger physiological changes
to improve the “fight or flight” Overactive
response
to stress and emergency.
Acromegaly
- hyper GH during
adulthood
- gradual enlargement or
elongation of facial
bones and extremities,
hands, feet, and jaws.
Pituitary Dwarfism
- Hypo GH before 25
- aka proportional
dwarfism
- Usually normal mental
& sexual functions
Thyroxine – increases
metabolic rate
- Goiter
- Hyperthyroidism
- Grave’s Disease
Underactive
- Goiter
- Hypothyroidism
- Myxoedema (adults)
- Cretinism (kids)

-Produce about 30 hormones 1. )Calcitonin – lowers blood

-Adrenal Cortex (outer) Ca level
1. Cortisol helps control your Overactive
body’s use of fats, proteins - Tetany
and Underactive
carbohydrates. It also - Kidney Stones
suppresses inflammation, - Osteoporosis
regulates your blood
pressure, increases blood DISEASES: 2.)Parathormone (PTH) –
sugar and helps control your raises blood Ca level
sleep-wake cycle. Your Gigantism Overactive
adrenal glands release cortisol - An excessive growth of - Kidney Stones
during times of stress to help the long bones caused - Osteoporosis
your body get an energy boost by hypersecretion of the Underactive
and better handle an GH hormone before 25. - Tetany
emergency - extreme skeletal size
situation.
3.) Insulin – decrease blood - sluggish, weight gain;
sugar - slowing of body Diabetes Mellitus
levels function - Insulin allows glucose
Overactive to transfer into cell
- Hypoglycemia Cretinism - Hypo insulin OR target
- Hyperinsulinism (insulin - hypo thyroid hormone cell insensitivity to
shock) during early insulin
Underactive development - Lack of insulin
- Hyperglycemia -aka deformed dwarfism
- Diabetes - retarded mental INDICATIONS!
development; facial puffiness; - Polyuria
HYPERTHYROIDISM lack of muscle coordination Over urinating
- hyper thyroid hormone - Polydipsia
- nervous, tremor, weight Goiter Thirsty asf
loss, excessive hunger; - lack of iodine in diet - Polyphagia
fatigue; irritability - enlargement of thyroid Hungry af
Tetany Myxoedema
- hyper thyroid hormone - Puffiness (swelling) ASSESSMENT:
- painful muscle spasms, - Fatigue - List activities that contribute
tremors, or muscular - Obesity to the endocrine system
contractions - Dry, thickened skin diseases.
- Result of low calcium - Mental impairment
levels in the blood - Thin, brittle hair Reasons why diabetes is a
- Leads to poor calcium Winter depression common disease to the
absorption; chronic - Hyper melatonin Filipinos at present.
diarrhea; repeated - Usually in winter when
vomiting of gastric acid; days are shorter Give two hormones that have
and hyperventilation, a (sunlight inhibits opposite effects.
hysterical form of over melatonin)
breathing - Aka Seasonal affective 4. Why are endocrine glands
disorder (SAD) also called ductless gland
Graves disease - sadness resulting from
- hyper thyroid hormone exaggerated melatonin 5. What will happen if you
- inherited or possibly effects eliminate / remove the entire
autoimmune - exposed to endocrine system in our
- weight loss, high-intensity light human
nervousness, body systems?
increased heart rate, Diabetes insipidus
exophthalmos goiter - hypo or insensitivity to 4. Factors that affect the
ADH functions of the endocrine
Hypothyroidism - decrease in kidney’s system.
retention of water
- hypo thyroid hormone - excessive urination 5. Why is adrenaline called
- excessive thirst emergency hormone?