HORMONE

- Specialized chemical produced and

- Related to nervous system secreted by an endocrine cell or tissue
- Stimulation from Nervous System - Either in the bloodstream (target cells)
- Made up of tissues and organs called or fluids around cells
endocrine glands • Secreted for a short period of time
Ex: Adrenalin (epinephrine)
Hormones
- emergency cases
- Maintains homeostasis • Secreted for a long period of time
Ex: hormones from the ovaries
Glandular Epithelium
- Secreted over extended period of
- Used by nervous system and endocrine time to stimulate menstrual cycle
system
CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONE
FUNCTIONS:
1. Protein (peptide) hormone
1. Helps maintain homeostasis by regulating - Acts on the cell membrane
activities Ex: insulin, vasopressin, growth hormone,
- Controls chemical and water balance adrenocorticotropic hormone
- Controls growth and metabolism 2. Amide (Amino Acid derivative)
(chemical reactions that - Acts on the cell membrane
breakdowns/build ups substances Ex: epinephrine, norepinephrine
- controls embryonic development and 3. Steroids
preparation in nurturing new born - Acts intracellularly to modify
(prolactin) protein synthesis
- influences sexual behaviour - Penetrates the target cells
- stimulates the growth of the gonads membrane and interact directly
- feedback of the nervous system with the genes in the nucleus to
2. Its secretion act together with the nervous alter metabolism
system Ex: cortisol, estrogen, testosterone
- To help the body react to stress
properly ENDOCRINE GLANDS
3. Major regulator of growth and
development including sexual A. Pituitary Glands (hypophysis)
development and reproduction. - “Master Endocrine Glands”
- Below hypothalamus
COMPOSITION: - Controls several glands in the
1. Endocrine Glands body except adrenal glands
- Major glands in the body - Grape-size or pea-size
- Secrete products into interstitial fluid - Under the control of
surrounding secretory cells hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, - Located at the base of the brain in
pineal gland and adrenal glands the sella turcica of the sphenoid
2. Endocrine Organs bone
- Hormone secreting cells
- Contains cells that secrete hormones
- Thymus, hypothalamus, pancreas,
gonads, liver and other organs.

2 LOBES
1. Anterior Pituitary Gland
(adenohypophysis)
- Secrete hormones that regulate a
wide range of bodily activities
from growth to reproduction.
a. Growth Hormone (GH)/
somatotropin/ somatotropic
hormone (STH)
- Stimulates the growth of the
bone and in the muscles
• Muscles- stimulates the uptake of
amino acids and the synthesis of
protein
• Bones- stimulates the cell division
and protein synthesis which results
in the increase of the length and
width
MOC: - through the growth
hormone
- growth hormone inhibiting
hormone
FACTS ON GROWTH HORMONE
1. More growth hormone produced
during the growth phase the taller the
healthier the person will be.
2. Secretion of growth hormones is at its
highest peak during sleep and during
strenuous exercises.
3. Hyposecretion occurring during the
growth phase of a child would result to
stunted growth and not dwarfism.
4. Hypersecretion results in gigantism
5. If the pituitary begins producing
excess hormones after growth is
completed it results to acromegaly
- Thickening of jaw, nose hands
- Enlargement of bone
- GH
b. Prolactin
- Protein hormone
- Promote breast development
during pregnancy
- Secreted at the end of
pregnancy and acts on the
mammary gland
MOC: Prolactin RH
c. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
(ACTH)
- Regulates the endocrine activity
such as hormone production of
the cortex portion of the adrenal
gland (adrenal cortex: steroid)
MOC: Corticotropic RH
stimulates the release of
hormone
d. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
(TSH)/ Thyrotrophic hormone (TH)
- Stimulates the production and
secretion of thyroid hormones
e. Gonadotropic Hormone
- Regulates hormonal activity of
the gonads
- Influences the growth and
development such as the
production of sperm cell and egg
cell
f. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH)
- As the follicle mature, they
produce estrogen and eggs are
prepared for ovulation
• Females:
- stimulates follicle development
in the ovaries
• Males
- Stimulates sperm development
by the testes
MOC: Gonadotropin RH
g. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Stimulates corpus luteum to
produce progesterone and some
estrogen
• Yellow mass of tissue that
forms in the part of ovaries
after ovulation
• Male’s LH is referred to as
interstitial cell stimulating
hormone (ICSH)
- Stimulates the testosterone
production in the interstitial cell
on the testes
➢ Hyposecretion of FSH and
LH leads to sterility in both
males and females.
 ➢ FSH and LH- stimulates - Secreted by the prevalent cells
maturation and release of called follicular cells
egg in the ovary -
2. Posterior Pituitary Gland a. Thyroxine (T4)
(Neurohypophysis) - 4 atoms of iodine
- Not an endocrine gland because - Major hormone secreted by the
it does not make the peptide thyroid follicles
hormone it releases - Regulates metabolism by
- Storage are by the hypothalamus speeding cellular respiration
a. Oxytocin b. Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Stimulates uterine contraction - Conversion of T4 to T3
during child birth and mammary - Regulates cellular metabolic
gland contraction activity
b. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)/ • TSH
Vasopressin • Both T3 and T4 is consist of iodine
- 2nd hormone release made from and amino acid tyrosine
the hypothalamus
- a peptide that helps regulate 1. Increases the energy rate from
fluid-balance → maintains water carbohydrates
balance →kidneys (distal renal 2. Increases the rate of protein synthesis
tubules to increase the water 3. Stimulates the activity of nervous
reabsorption system
• detected on the blood ▪ T3 is five times more potent than
T4 even though they have the
EFFECTS OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
same function
1. haemorrhage
CONDITIONS:
- ADH secretion increases to
maintain the body’s fluid balance 1. Hyperthyroidism
2. Strenuous Exercise - Overactivity of thyroid gland
3. Nicotine which usually produce a goiter
4. Drugs 2. Goiter
5. Barbiturates - Enlargement of thyroid
- These 4 increases the secretion of - Iodine deficiency
ADH which results to the rise of 3. Cretinism
blood pressure and inhibition on - Mental retardation and irregular
the urine development of bones and
6. Alcohol or beer muscles
- Inhibits the ADH which results in - Underactive during prenatal
urine secretion 2. Calcitonin (CT)/ Thyrocalcitonin
- Polypeptide hormone produced
B. Thyroid Gland by parafollicular cells.
- Located at the neck anterior to - Acts on the bones, kidneys, and
trachea other cells
- 2 lobes - Lowers calcium concentration in
- ISTHMUS – bridge that connects the blood
the 2 lobes - As the calcium concentration
increases so as the calcitonin
1. Thyroid Hormone • Stops at elderly
C. Parathyroid Gland
 - Body’s smallest endocrine gland
- 2 pairs, one at each side
a. Parathyroid Hormone/ Parathormone
(PTH)
- Regulates the concentration of
calcium and phosphate in the
blood.
• Phosphate – build and
repair bones and teeth
• Help the nerve function by
making the muscle
contract
• 85% of phosphorus can be
found on bones
IMPROPER BALANCE OF CALCIUM AND
PHOSPHATE
1. Faulty transmission of nerve impulses
to the brain
2. Destruction of bone tissue
3. Delayed bone growth
4. Tetany -uncontrollable muscle spasm
D. Adrenal Glands
- Top of each kidney
2 ZONES
1. Adrenal Medulla
- Central region
a. Adrenalin (Epinephrine)
- 80% of the output of adrenal
medulla in human
- Synthesize from noradrenalin
b. Noradrenalin (Norepinephrine)
- Principal transmitter of
sympathetic nerve ending,
supplying major organs and skin
- Increases blood pressure,
decreases intestine’s activity
FUNCTIONS:
1. Increases heart rate
2. Forces cardiac contraction
3. Increase breathing rate
4. Increase blood glucose level
5. Decrease digestive activity
▪ Instrumental in the fight or
flight response
▪ Secreted in all kinds of stress
▪ Nerve impulse travelling from
the brain to the adrenal medulla
trigger the release of adrenalin
and noradrenalin
2. Adrenal Cortex
- Surrounds the adrenal medulla
a. Glucocorticoids
- Affects the glucose metabolism
- Maintains blood glucose level in
blood, in response to injury,
stress or serious infections
b. Mineralocorticoids
- Regulates the ionic
concentration of blood and
tissue fluid
- Electrolyte or mineral salt
balance
- Regulates the concentration of
potassium and sodium in the
body
c. Sex Steroids
E. Pineal Glands (Pineal Body)
- Produces melatonin
o Hormone that affects the
sleep/wake cycle
- Pea-size
- Roof of the diencephalon, deep
within the cerebral hemisphere
of the brain, posterior to the 3rd
ventricle of the brain.
- Under the control of post
ganglion sympathetic fibers
- Influences by the amount of light
that enters the eye, where retina
signals the hypothalamus
▪ Recent studies states that
RETINA produces
melatonin
 • Circadian and Diurnal Rhythm of
many tissue
- Refers to day and night cycle of
sleep
• Melatonin rises from mid-late evening
and drops at early morning hours.
- Jetlag, shifting
ENDOCRINE ORGANS
- Hormone secreting cells
A. Hypothalamus
- Major endocrine gland
- Transmit impulses to pituitary
gland to release hormone
- Integrating link
- Secrete hormones that control
other endocrine glands
- Inhibiting and releasing
hormone
➢ Can change the function due to
stressful events/ emotions
FUNCTION:
1. Produce hormone which are send to
pituitary gland for release
2. Produces a releasing factor which
trigger the release of hormone made
in the pituitary gland
HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES
1. Inhibiting hormones
a. Somatostatin
- Inhibits the secretion of both
insulin and glucagon, also the
gonadotropic hormone from
anterior pituitary gland
b. Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone
(PIH)
2. Releasing Hormone
a. Thyroprotein/ Thyroliberin
- Stimulates the release of
thyroprotein and prolactin from
the anterior pituitary gland
b. Growth Releasing Hormone/
Somatocrinin
- Stimulates the secretion of
growth by somatotropic cells of
anterior pituitary gland
B. Thymus
- Lymphoid organ located behind
the sternum
- Processing of T cells (T
lymphocyte; WBC)
▪ Responsible for cellular
immunity
- Recognizes infected human cells
and cancer cells and attacks
these cells, then kills these cells
→ continue to search for more
infected and cancer cells
- Superior to the mediastinum,
anterior to the aorta, posterior to
the manubrium of the sternum
FUNCTION:
1. Secretes the hormone thymosin that
stimulates the T lymphocyte’s activity
C. Pancreas
- Abdominal cavity with its head
lying in the curve of the
duodenum and its tail stretches
to the left kidney
• Acini – tiny clumps of cells that
produce the digestive enzymes
• Islets of Langerhans
- Small island of endocrine cells
scattered throughout
- Specialized tissue of pancreas
4 KINDS
1. Alpha Cells- produces glucagon
2. Beta Cells- produces insulin (protein
hormone)
3. Delta Cells- produces somatostatin
- Inhibits glucagon and insulin
➢ Liver breaks the insulin after
• Glucagon
- Polypeptide hormone
 -
Stimulating the breakdown of Testosterone in Woman:
glycogen in the liver cells
- Bone strength and development
• Glycogenolysis
of limb muscle mass
- Process that helps maintain
- Found in the blood of normal
proper glucose levels in the
woman.
blood between meals.
- Responsible for the female’s
• Gluconeogenesis
sensitivity through nipples and
- Process by which the glucose is
clitoris associated for sexual
synthesize
response
➢ Takes place at the liver
Adrenal Androgens
• Glucose
- blood of woman and high
- Released from the liver and other
concentrated
storage sites in the body
- Normal: 70-110 mg/100 ml Male and Female

D. Gonads - production triggers the puberty

- Ovaries and testes - pubic hair
- Secretes hormones that helps
regulate reproductive functions 2. Female Sex Hormone
a. Estrogen (estrin, estrone,
1. Male Sex Hormones estradiol)
a. Testosterone - Primary sex hormone
- Most important cells in male - regulates menstrual cycle
- Interstitial cells of the testes - development of mammary
- Acts with LH and FSH to produce glands
or stimulates sperm production - female secondary characteristics
- Promotes the development and ▪ pubic hair
maintenance of ________ ▪ broadening of hips
behaviour ▪ mammary gland
- Stimulates growth of pubic hair b. Progesterone (progestins)
- Enlargement of larynx (voice to - Menstrual cycle
deepen) - Development of mammary
• Luteinizing Hormone gland
Female: - aids in the formation of placenta
- Target is ovaries and it triggers c. Relaxin
the ovulation - produce in small quantity
- Release the production of sex - during childbirth
hormones (estrogen, progestin) - uterus
- softens the cervix at the time of
Male: delivery for the baby to pass
easily.
- Stimulates the release of sex
E. Kidney
hormone (testosterone)
- Primary organ for the secretion
• FSH
of water
- Essential for pubertal
- Produce hormones and
development and function of the
substance
gonads of men and women
 a. Erythropoietin
- Kidney hormone that stimulates
the production of RBC from bone
marrow.
b. Prostaglandins
- A substance that resembles a
hormone
- Controls the smooth muscle
during contraction, blood
pressure inflammation and body
temperature
- Autocrine – acting messenger
molecule
- Exert their effect locally where
they are produced
c. Medullipin
- Created by interstitial cells in the
renal papillae
- Converted to medullipin 2 in the
liver
- Results from vasodilation
d. Renin/ Angiotensinoginase
- A substance → enzyme
- Release in the kidney that
breakdowns protein
- Influences blood pressure
volume and the intake of salt
and water
e. Heart
- Considered as endocrine organ
- Atria contains secretory granules
that produce, store and secrete
atriopeptin (peptide hormone)

Atriopeptin

1. Helps maintain proper balance of fluid

and electrolytes by increasing the
output sodium urine
2. Release the blood vessels directly
- Lowers the blood pressure ny
blocking the hormone that tends
to increase the blood pressure
3. Reduces the blood volume by
stimulating the kidneys to filter more
blood and release more urine.