ENDOCRINE SYSTEM  B.

Pituitary Gland 
  - Main gland 
I. PARTS  - Produces hormones 
- Hypothalamus  (Signals other glands to produce hormones.) 
- Pituitary Gland   
- Thyroid Gland  C. Thyroid Gland 
- Parathyroid Gland  - Regulates vital functions 
- Adrenal Gland  - Breathing, heart rate, body 
- Pineal Gland  weight, muscle strength, 
- Pancreas  menstrual cycle, body 
- Ovaries - for females  temperature, and cholesterol 
- Testicles - for males  levels 
   
II. FUNCTIONS  D. Parathyroid Gland 
● Produce, secrete, and store hormones  - Four tiny glands; located in the neck 
● Hormones regulate the processes of  - Control calcium levels in the 
almost all cell or organs in a body  bloodstream 
● Aids in the regulation of growth and  - Ensures that the nervous system 
development, homeostasis,  and muscles work properly, and 
metabolism, reproduction, and  the bones will be strong. 
response to stimuli.   
● Controlling the amount of hormones  E. Adrenal Gland 
released in the body  - Produce sex hormones and cortisol 
  (stress hormone) 
III. PROBLEM  - On top of kidney 
(Gland Secrete Too Much Hormones)   
● Hormonal Imbalance  F. Pineal Gland 
● Can affect the body negatively  - Located in the middle of the brain 
● Cause diseases  - Secretes melatonin which is 
○ Ex. ​Hyperthyroidism  responsible for body clock 
- Too much of thyroid hormones   
- Bodily processes occur quicker  G. Pancreas 
- Hand tremor, anxiety, and  - Produce hormones that breaks down 
weight loss  food that has left the stomach 
  - Produces insulin and glucagon and 
IV. PARTS + FUNCTION  releases it into the bloodstream. 
A. Hypothalamus   
- Links nervous and endocrine systems  H. Ovaries 
- Gathers information from the brain and  - Female gonads (reproductive organs 
sends it to the pituitary gland tO  that produces gametes) 
influence hormone production  - Produce and release eggs to the 
- Regulates satiety, body temperature,  fallopian tube 
and metabolism  - Egg is either fertilized or breaks 
  apart and becomes 
  menstruation 
  - Makes estrogen and progesterone 
 I. Testicles  Compared to Other Mammals 
- Produce the reproductive hormone  ● We release similar hormones for 
testosterone and stores sperm.  growth, development, reproduction, 
  and other bodily functions 
V. HOW DOES IT WORK  ● We have the same endocrine glands 
1. Glands create hormones   ● Newborn seals  
(secreted in bloodstream)  release higher levels of melatonin 
2. Hormone binds to ​target cell  ● Bottlenose dolphins  
(has specific receptor for hormone)  have thyroid twice as much as we do 
3. Hormone attaches to the ​receptor​ on   
cell surface  Compared to Invertebrates 
(Some in the nucleus or cytoplasm)  ● Nemertea 
4. Biological responses occur within a cell  - has 3 neurosecretory centres for 
(regulates its processes)  osmotic regulation 
  ● Annelida 
VI.BODILY REGULATION +  - produces nereidine (inhibits 
SIGNIFICANCE  sexual development  
● Primarily function:  - secretes hormones from 
network that produces, secretes, stores  infracerebral complex 
chemicals/hormones  ● Mollusca 
● Hormones regulate processes of cells  - secretes neurohormone that 
and organs in the body  stimulates hermaphrodotic 
○ Without hormones,   gonads 
G&D, metabolism, reproduction,  ● Insecta 
body temp, are affected  - has unique neurohemal organs: 
● Without the endocrine system,  corpora cardiaca & corpora allata 
○ Hormones won't optimize their  - for body transformation, 
function  diapause, and 
○ Why?  reproduction cycle 
No network to get them to the  ● Arthropoda 
right destination  - most similar to humans 
  - arthropod’s brain is equivalent 
VII. ANIMAL GROUPS  to a human’s hypothalamus and 
Similarities and Differences from Various  it stores neurohemal organs 
Animal Groups     
● The current human endocrine system 
came from various organism evol. 
○ The human endocrine system 
has similarities to vertebrates 
and invertebrates. 
○ Their physiological functions 
vary because of anatomical 
structures. 
 
 
 
 
 
  FISH  AMPHIBIAN  REPTILE  BIRD 

PITUITARY   Forms flat sheet  Anterior lobe contains acidophils,  Intermediate lobe 
@ base of  basophils; aids in reproduction.  is absent. 
pituitary stalk 

THYROID   Below gills  Metamorphosis  (Lizard, crocs)  Increased release 

of tadpoles.  @ventral cervical  of growth 
region  hormone;  
Not thyrotrophic 

PINEAL   Responsible for  Parietal Eye/Third Eye/Pineal Eye   Rhythmic activity 

rhythmic activity  = senses light  and light 
for fishes.     sensitivity. 
 
Melatonin 
produced at night 

PARATHYROID  N/A  Developed from  Developed from  For calcium 

pharyngeal  pharyngeal  metabolism 
pouches.  pouches. 
   
Follicular 
arrangement 
around the 
lumen.