ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE | ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

DATE: 10 / 21 / 23
WEEK 7 | MIDTERM

ENDCORINE SYSTEM
- Second great controlling system of the body. Sex Hormones
- Through hormones, it stimulates such - estrogen
> long-term processes as growth and - progesterone
development - androgens
> metabolism
> reproduction Hormonal Action
> body defense - A hormone affects only certain tissue cells or
organs, referred to as its target cells or target
Endocrinology organs.
- Study of hormones and endocrine organs - A specific protein receptor must be present on
Difference of Nervous System and Endocrine System the plasma membrane or the interior of the
target cell to which the hormone can attach.
Nervous System Endocrine System
Stimuli for Control of Hormone Release
- “Built for speed” - Slow-acting system
Negative Feedback Mechanisms - are the chief
- uses nerve impulses to prod - It uses chemical messengers means of regulating blood levels of nearly all
the muscles and glands into called hormones, which are hormones.
immediate action so that released into the blood to be Positive Feedback Mechanism – it reacts if glands
rapid adjustments can be transported throughout the
or organs need hormones
made in response to changes body
occurring both inside and Three major categories of Stimuli that activate
outside the body. Endocrine glands

Hormonal Stimuli – most common stimuli;

Similarities - both control the Homeostasis and – refers to releasing a hormone in response to
response in the body another hormone
HORMONES

- are chemical substances secreted by endocrine cells

into the extracellular fluids that regulate the
metabolic activity of other cells in the body.

The Major Processes they control are:

- Reproduction
- Growth and Development
- Mobilizing body defenses against stressors
- Maintaining electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance
Humoral Stimuli – refers to the control of
of the blood
hormone release in response to changes in
- Regulating cellular metabolism and energy balance
extracellular fluids, such as the ion concentration
Classification of Hormones in the blood
- chemical messengers Someone Trigger:
- classified base on their structures
↑ Glucose in the Blood (Extracellular fluid)
Amino acid-based hormones
Pancreas (react) – release Insulin
(proteins, peptides, and amines)
- building blocks of proteins Neural Stimuli – nerve fibers stimulate hormone
release
Steroids (sex hormones, hormones produced by the
adrenal cortex)
- make up of lipids or fats (cholesterol)

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MAJOR ENDOCRINE ORGANS

Ductless glands: Posterior Pituitary and Hypothalamic Hormones

- Pituitary
- Posterior pituitary is not an endocrine gland in the
- Thyroid
strict sense because it does not make the peptide
- Parathyroid
hormones it releases.
- Adrenal (purely endocrine
- Posterior pituitary acts as a storage area for
gland)
hormones made by hypothalamic neurons
- Thymus and Pineal glands
Hormones release in Posterior Pituitary
(include in endocrine)
Oxytocin - It stimulates powerful contractions of the
- Pancreas(mix glands – can
uterine muscle during sexual relations, during labor,
release through ducts or
and during breastfeeding.
ductless)
- It also causes milk ejection (the let-down reflex) in
- Gonads (mix glands – can release through ducts or
a nursing woman.
ductless)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - inhibits or prevents
- Hypothalamus (major organ/produces several
urine production; increases blood pressure by
hormones)
causing constriction of the arterioles (small
Endocrines – Ductless (no need of tubes or arteries).
passageway) hormones can release via blood through - no such great amount of urine
lymph (hormones will mix to blood) - found in walls of kidney tubules reabsorbs water
to prevent urine formation
Exocrine – need Ducts (passageway or tubes)
*Diuresis – urine formation
Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland - pea-sized structure that hangs by a

stalk from the inferior surface of the Hypothalamus of
the brain
Has two Functional Lobes:
- Anterior Pituitary (Glandular Tissue)
- Posterior pituitary (Nervous Tissue)

Anterior Pituitary Gland and Its Hormones

- “Master endocrine gland”

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

Growth hormone (GH)
- is a general metabolic hormone
- Major effects are directed to the growth of
skeletal muscles and long bones of the body, and
thus it plays an important role in determining final
body size.
Prolactin (PRL)
- stimulates and maintains milk production by the
mother’s breasts.

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atoms
* we need to eat to have normal function of TH when
Gonadotropin hormones (based on sex/reproductive)
your iodine is low it can cause abnormalities
- regulate the hormonal activity of the gonads
> Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) – for > Triiodothyronine or T₃ - contains three bound
women - stimulate the follicle development on the iodine atoms
ovaries to produce estrogens and eggs are ready for
> Calcitonin – decreases the blood calcium ion level
ovulation
by causing calcium to be deposited in the bones
- for men – stimulate sperm development by the testes

> Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – for women – ↓Calcium Ion

triggers the ovulation of an egg from the ovary causes (excess calcium ion from serum deposited to
the rupture follicle to produce progesterone and some bones)
estrogen
- for men – stimulates testosterone in the interstitial
cells of the testes

Thyrotropic hormone (TH) also called

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - influences the
growth and activity of the thyroid gland.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - regulates the

endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal
gland.

Pineal Gland

- is a small, cone shaped gland that (now, the calcium from blood will decrease)
hangs from the roof of the third - produced by the parafollicular cells found in the
ventricle of the brain. connective tissue between the follicles

Melatonin – a hormone believed to

be a “sleep trigger” that plays an
important role in establishing the
body’s sleep-wake cycle
Thyroid Gland
- a fairly large gland consisting of two lobes joined by a
central mass, or isthmus and is located at the base of
the throat, just inferior to the Adam’s apple
Thyroid Hormones - often referred to as the body’s
major metabolic hormone
- stimulates metabolism which control the rate of
glucose metabolism/burning the glucose)
- is made up of Iodine
Parathyroid Gland
- tiny masses of glandular tissue most often found
on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
- Typically, there are two parathyroid glands on
each thyroid lobe, that is, a total of four
parathyroids.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)- which is the most
important regulator of calcium ion (Ca2+)
homeostasis of the blood
- Hypercalcemic hormone (antagonist of calcitonin)
- taking out the stored calcium ion from blood
When Calcium decrease:
↑PTH (taking out the calcium from the bones)
* There will be balance

Patient become Fat when: Thymus

↓Thyroid Hormone - is located in the upper thorax, posterior to the

sternum
- Large in infants and children, it decreases in size
> Thyroxine or T₄- the major hormone secreted throughout adulthood.
by the thyroid follicles; contains four bound iodine Thymosin – for normal development of a special

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group of white blood cells (T lymphocytes) and the - Located close to the stomach in the abdominal cavity,
immune response. is a mixed gland.
> Insulin – From Beta (β) cells of the Pancreatic
Islets; Reduces blood glucose level.

> Glucagon - From alpha (α) cells of the Pancreatic

Islets; Raises blood glucose level.

Adrenal Gland

- Curve over the top of the kidneys like triangular hats.

Hormones of Adrenal Cortex – produces 3

Corticosteroids

> Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) - produced

from the outermost layer of Adrenal Cortex; regulate
both water and electrolyte balance in body fluids.

Electrolytes – Sodium, Chloride, Potassium

Aldosterone: Gonads
Regulate – reabsorb water and sodium
Release – excretion of potassium via urine The Female Gonads (Ovaries) and Male
Gonads(Testes) - are mixed glands. produce sex
> Glucocorticoids (Cortisone and Cortisol) cells (an exocrine function) and produce sex
– produced by middle layer of the cortex; promote hormones.
normal cell metabolism and help the body to resist
long-term stressors, primarily by increasing the blood
glucose level (hyperglycemic hormones).
– releasing the glucose

> Sex hormones (Androgen and Estrogen) -

produced by the adrenal cortex.

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

Cathecholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine)

- also known as Adrenaline and Noradrenaline
- Raise blood glucose level
- increase rate of metabolism
- constrict certain blood vessels
- also prepare the body to cope with short-term
stressful situations and cause the so-called alarm stage
of the stress response.
Pancreas
The Female Gonads (Ovaries)
- are paired, slightly larger than almond- sized
organs located in the pelvic cavity.
Hormones of the Ovaries
Estrogen - responsible for the development of sex
characteristics in women (breast development and
menstruation) and appearance of secondary sex
characteristics at puberty (hair in pubic region)
Progesterone - acts with estrogen to bring about
the menstrual cycle. During pregnancy, it quiets the
muscles of the uterus so that an implanted embryo
will not be aborted and helps prepare breast tissue
for lactation.
- opposite of
oxytocin

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Gigantism - Hypersecretion during childhood; Body
proportions are fairly normal but individual becomes
extremely tall

The Male Gonads (Testes)

- suspended in a sac, the scrotum, outside the pelvic
cavity.

Hormones of the Testes

Testosterone – promotes the growth and maturation
of the reproductive system organs to prepare the
young man for reproduction
- responsible for the male’s secondary sex
Disorders of Thyroid Gland
characteristics to appear and stimulates the male sex
drive. (lower of voice, facial hair, heavy bones) Goiter - enlargement of the thyroid
- production of sperms gland that results when the diet is
deficient in iodine
Placenta
- accumulation of TSH
- is a remarkable organ formed temporarily in the
uterus of pregnant women ↓Thyroid Hormone – ↑TSH – no
- produces several protein and steroid hormones that normal T4 (lack of iodine)
help to maintain the pregnancy and pave the way for * becomes goiter (accumulation of TSH)
delivery of the baby
Congenital iodine deficiency
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) – hormone syndrome/Cretinism - severe
produced during pregnancy which stimulates the hypothyroidism in an infant or child
corpus luteum of the ovary to continue producing (defiency of thyroid hormones);
estrogens and progesterone so that the lining of the stunted physical and mental growth.
uterus is not sloughed off in menses.

Disorders of Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus Graves’ Disease - is one form of

hyperthyroidism.
Diabetes insipidus - Hyposecretion of ADH (antidiuretic Extreme overproduction of
Hormone) leads to a condition of excessive urine. thyroxine (T4) results in a
- high basal metabolic rate
↓ADH – always thirsty - intolerance of heat
- rapid heartbeat
- weight loss
Pituitary dwarfism - Hyposecretion of GH during - nervous and agitated behavior
childhood; Body proportions are fairly normal, but the - general inability to relax.
person as a whole is a living miniature. Thyroid gland enlarges, and the
Exophthalmos which eyes may
↓GW bulge, or protrude anteriorly

Disorders of Adrenal Cortex

Addison’s disease- A generalized hyposecretion of

all the Glucocorticoid hormones.

Cushing’s Syndrome – Excessive glucocorticoids

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due to overproduction of ACTH by pituitary tumor.
Masculinization - Hypersecretion of the sex
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM |
corticosteroids and sex hormones, while the medulla
releases catecholamines to cope with short-term
stress.

hormones regardless of sex. In adult males these

👉 Pancreas: Produces insulin and glucagon to
effects may be masked, but in females the results regulate blood glucose levels.
are often dramatic.
- A beard develops, and a masculine pattern of
body hair distribution occurs, among other effects.

Disorders of Pancreas

Diabetes mellitus - The pancreas (an organ behind

your stomach) produces little insulin or no insulin
at all resulting to increased blood glucose

🧠 The endocrine system is the second great

controlling system of the body, functioning
alongside the nervous system.

🏋️‍♀️The organs of the endocrine system may be

small, but they play a crucial role in maintaining
homeostasis in the body. 🌡️

Hormones secreted by the endocrine system

regulate processes such as growth, metabolism,
reproduction, and body defense.

⚖️Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine

system is slower acting and uses chemical
messengers called hormones.

🔬 Endocrinology is the study of hormones and

endocrine organs, which are classified into amino
acid-based hormones and steroids.

🎯 Hormones have specific target cells or organs and

require protein receptors for their actions.
🔀 Hormone release is controlled by negative
feedback mechanisms, hormonal stimuli, control by
extracellular fluids, and neural stimuli.

👉 Pituitary gland: The "master gland" with anterior

and posterior lobes, releasing hormones that
regulate growth, milk production, and reproductive
functions.

👉 Thyroid gland: Produces thyroid hormones that

control metabolism, and calcitonin that regulates
blood calcium levels.

👉 Parathyroid glands: Secrete parathyroid hormone,

which regulates blood calcium levels.

👉 Adrenal glands: The cortex produces

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