ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Function
The endocrine system is an integrated system of organs that use extracellular
signals (hormones) to transmit information.

Hormones
Chemical released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM is similar to nervous system

except
• The signals are chemicals and not electrical
• Signals are sent through circulatory system and not in the nerves
 Parts
Pineal Gland - produces
melatonin
Pituitary Gland – master gland
that controls other glands
Thyroid Gland – controls
metabolism
Thymus - protects against
autoimmunity
Adrenal Gland – regulate stress
response
Pancreas – controls blood sugar
Ovary – produces estrogen,
progesterone
Testes – produces androgen,
testosterone
 Hormones
Hormones carry messages from glands
to cells to maintain chemical levels in
the bloodstream that achieve
homeostasis (physiological balance). 

As members of the endocrine

system, glands manufacture hormones.
Hormones circulate freely in the
bloodstream, waiting to be recognized
by a target cell, their intended
destination. The target cell has a
receptor that can only be activated by a
specific type of hormone. Once
activated, the cell knows to start a
certain function within its walls.
Endocrine System and Hormones
Based from the video:

1.What are hormones for?

2.Give a brief description:

Endocrine Gland Hormones that it General function of Possible Illness or

produce the hormone Sickness associated
with the hormone
 Endocrine Hormone(s) Secreted Function(s) of Hormones
Gland
Posterior:
Pituitary 1. Oxytocin - Stimulates utrine contraction and brest contraction
Known as the
for milk release.
"Master Gland", this
2. Vasopressin -Stimulates re-absorption of water from kidney
part of the brain
tubules. Hyposecretion- causes Diabetes
consists of three
Insipidus (large amounts of urine produced)
lobes called
"anterior", "interior"
Anterior: - Production of breast milk
and "posterior".
1. Prolactine -- Growth. Hyposecretion: dwarfism;
2. Growth Hypersecretion: gigantism
Hormone
-- Stimulates the thyroid to release thyroxin.
3. Thyroid
Stimulating -Stimulates the adrenal gland
Hormone
4. Adrenocorticotrophic - Secondary sexual characteristics.
Hormone 
5. Gonadotrophins

Melatonin - Synchronize the body to the 24 hour day/night

Pineal rhythm, thus informing the brain when it is day and
when it is night;
-Regulates the sleep cycle
DWARFISM
DWARFISM
DWARFISM/GIGANTISM
GIGANTISM
GIGANTISM
GIGANTISM
 Endocrine Hormone(s) Function(s) of Hormones
Gland Secreted
Thyroxin -Concerned with the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), which is the
Thyroid amount of energy the body uses, just to ‘tick over’.
Hypersecretion-Thyroidism:  increase in heart-rate; loss of
weight; hyper-activity; insomniac; develops bulging eyes due to
accumulation of fluid behind the eye; may develop Goiter;
possible link with Attention Deficit Disorder. Hyposecretion:
Hypothyroidsm decrease in BMR; weight gain; lethargy; skin
becomes dry and puffy; hair becomes thin and brittle.  Graves
Disease, and Cretinism (= metal and sexual development
imapaired, if occurs in children).

- Uptake of calcium to bone

Calcitonin

Parathyroid Parathormone -Associated with the growth of muscle and bone.

- Distribution of calcium and phosphate in the body.
Hypersecretion- Causes transfer of calcium from the bones to the
blood; bones become fragile & easily broken; osteoporosis.
Hyposecretion- Lowers blood calcium levels, causing tetany
(which may be treated by injections of the hormone); low
calcium levels in skeletal muscle (which may cause cramps).
GOITER
GOITER
GRAVE’S DISEASE
CRETINISM
 Endocrine Hormone(s) Function(s) of Hormones
Gland Secreted
1. Insulin - Conversion of glucose to glycogen.
Pancreas - Conversion of excess glucose to fat. Hyper and
Hyposecretion:  Diabetes Mellitus: Symptoms: Blood glucose
levels rise (hyperglycaemia). Glucose is excreted into the urine
(glycosuria) - which increases levels of urination, causing
dehydration.
As glucose levels in the blood increase, fat and protein are
broken-down for energy. Coma and death may follow if the
symptoms are not treated.

2. Glucagon - Conversion of glycogen to glucose.

Adrenal Adrenal Medulla

1. Adrenalin - Prepares the body for "fright, fight or flight" and has many
effects: Action of heart increased; Rate and depth of breathing
increased.: Metabolic rate increased.: Force of muscular
contraction improves.; Onset of muscular fatigue delayed.;
Blood supply to the bladder and intestines reduced, their
muscular walls relax, the sphincters contract.

-Relaxation
2. Noradrenaline
Diabetes Explained
 Endocrine Hormone(s) Function(s) of Hormones
Gland Secreted
Adrenal Cortex -Utilization of carbohydrate, fat and protein by the body.;
Adrenal 1. Glucocorticoids - Normal response to stress. Hypersecretion of cortisol
(cont…) results in Cushings Syndrome.

- Regulation of salt and water balance. Hypersecretion of

.  Mineralocorticoids Alderosterone decreases the potassium in the body
(affecting nerve impulse transmission and leading to
muscular paralysis).

Gonads Ovaries
1. Estrogen - Breakdown of uterine wall

2. Progesterone -Builds up and maintains the uterus wall for embedding of

fertilized egg.
- Associated with secondary sexual characteristics, e.g.
body hair, breast enlargement, changes in physical body.

Testes - Development and function of male sex organs.

1. Testosterone - Secondary sexual characteristics. e.g. body hair, muscle
2. Androgen development, voice change.
Disorders of Sexual Development
CUSHING SYNDROME
CUSHING SYNDROME