Carl Jung

 AKA Carl Gustav Jung

 Born on July 26, 1875 in Kessewil Switzerland
 Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology.
 He is best known for his theories of the Collective Unconscious, including the concept of
archetypes, and the use of synchronicity in psychotherapy.
 Inventor of the collective unconscious
 He coined “introvert” and “extrovert”
 Jung’s doctoral dissertation explored the occult.

Carl Jung Personality Theory

 Carl Jung, who developed a theory of psychological types designed to

categorize people in terms of various personality patterns. Jung’s
theory focuses on four basic psychological functions,
Extraversion vs. Introversion, Sensation vs. Intuition, Thinking vs.
Feeling and Judging vs. Perceiving. Jung's distinction between inward-
looking introvert and outgoing extrovert personality types, have led to the development of
numerous personality tests which are still used today, including that of Katharine Cook Briggs
and Isabel Briggs Myers.Jung's theories have also impacted on the field of analytical psychology,
which is commonly referred to as Jungian psychology.

Important concept in the theory

Concept Explanation

Introvert The introvert is more comfortable with the

inner world of thoughts and feelings, so they
will see the world in terms of how it affects
them. Introverts are more comfortable
living alone and being by themselves.
 They depend on their “me time” to recharge;
they become immersed in their inner world and
run the risk of losing touch with their
surroundings or their outer world.

They also tend to be introspective and keep

their social circle limited.

Extroverts Extrovert feels more at home with the world of

objects and other people, and is more
concerned with their impact upon the world
Extroverts, on the contrary, are actively
involved in the world of people and things;
they are socially active and more aware of
what is going on around them. They like to be
part of groups, communities and probable
places where they get a chance to interact. The
idea of being alone terrifies them, leaving them
alienated from their inner selves.

Collective unconscious sometimes called

Collective unconscious the objective psyche. It refers to the idea that a
segment of the deepest unconscious mind is
genetically inherited, and is not shaped by
personal experience. The collective
unconscious is common to all human beings
and is responsible for a number of deep-seated
instincts, such as sexual behavior and life and
death instincts.
Collective Unconscious and Archetypes The content of your collective unconsciousness
includes archetypes, which are basic and
fundamental pre-existing images, or forms that
you have feelings about as a result of your
collective unconscious.

Archetypes include an innocent child, an old

wise person, femininity, and masculinity. A
good example of a nature archetype is fire.
According to Jung's theories, you are aware of
the implications of these archetypes because of
your collective unconscious.

Individuation Individuation, to Jung, was the quest for

wholeness that the human psyche invariably
undertakes, the journey to become conscious of
his or herself as a unique human being, but
unique only in the same sense that we all are,
not more or less so than others.
Melanie Klein Facts

 Born on March 30, 1882, and died on September 22, 1960.

 Born Melanie Reizes in Vienna, Austria
 Extended and developed Sigmund Freud’s understanding of the unconscious mind.
 Influence by Sigmund Freud and Karl Abraham.
 Known for therapeutic techniques for children.
 best-known for play therapy and object relations
 Had a significant impact on developmental psychology which focuses on human growth
throughout the lifespan. 

 Her first personal experience in the field of psychoanalysis began when she

sought treatment for herself after her mother died in 1914.
 The Psychoanalysis of Children (1932) one of her publications

Melanie Klein Personality Theory

Melanie Klein is regarded as one of the founders of `Object Relations Theory,’ a field
of thought that developed from Freud’s psychodynamic theory. This collection of
theories discusses the effect of the internalized relations with primary caretakers
during infancy (i.e. objects), and their unconscious influence on the nature of future
relationships. According to object relations theorists, children do not only internalize
 the object itself, but also the entire relationship. The infant internalizes two sets of
object relations– both positive and negative– which include representations of the
self, the object, and the emotion that links between the two.
 Important concept in the theory

Concept Explanation

The child having multiple internal objects.
Klein saw relations with the breast as
significant. As the child feeds, it feels gratified
and satiated when the breast produces
sufficient milk, in which case it is loved and
cherished. When the child is prematurely
withdrawn or the breast does not provide
sufficient food, the child is frustrated and the
breast is hated and the recipient of hostile
thoughts. The mother thus receives love or
destructive attack depending on this.

Depressive position The 'depressive position' is a mental constellation

that follows the paranoid-schizoid position in the
infant's development and is understood to begin
in the second six months of life. The baby,
gaining in physical and emotional maturity,
begins to integrate its fragmented perceptions of
its parent and has a more integrated sense of self.
Bringing together conflicted feelings of love and
hate, realising the hated person and the loved
person are one and the same leads to the most
anguished sense of guilt and, in time, a wish to
repair. It is repeatedly revisited and refined
throughout early childhood, and intermittently
 throughout life.

Paranoid-schizoid position The term 'paranoid-schizoid position' describes a

primitive or early mental state in which the self
feels disintegrated. It refers to a constellation of
anxieties, defences and internal and external
object relations that Klein considers to be
characteristic of the earliest months of an infant's
life that continues to varying degrees throughout
life. The chief characteristic of the paranoid-
schizoid position is the splitting of both self and
object into good and bad, with at first little or no
integration between them.

Unconscious phantasy Freud introduced the concept of unconscious

phantasy and phantasising but Klein and her
successors have emphasised that phantasies
interact reciprocally with experience to form the
developing intellectual and emotional
characteristics of the individual; phantasies are
considered to be a basic capacity underlying and
shaping thought, dream, symptoms and patterns
of defence.
Reparation Reparation is integral to the depressive position.
It is grounded in love and respect for the separate
other, and involves facing loss and damage and
making efforts to repair and restore one's objects.