3.

Calcitonin - regulates calcium levels in

THE ENDOCRINE the body by decreasing it

SYSTEM Parathyroid - four raisin sized glands

posterior of the thyroid gland
- Slow acting compared to the nervous RELEASE:
system 1. Parathyroid hormone or parathormone
- Travels to the bloodstream - increase calcium
Hypothalamus
- Master regulator DISORDERS
- Lobes below hypothalamus 1. Hypothyroidism (myxedema)
1. Posterior pituitary Gland - lack of or too little thyroid hormone,
2. Anterior pituitary Gland swelling of the skin and soft tissues
- makes hormones Symptoms
1. Thyrotropin releasing hormones - hair is dry coarse sparse
2. Corticotropin releasing hormones - Hypothermia
3. Growth releasing hormones - Menstrual changes
4. Prolactin releasing hormones - Periorbital edema
5. Gonadotropin releasing hormones - Swelling of the body, face, tongue, lower
6. Luteinizing hormones legs
7. Follicle stimulating hormones Treatment
* Tropin-simulating effect of target organ - replacement of hormones, levothyroxine is
a) Thyroxine (t4) the choice
b) Triiodothyronine (t3)
- Body’s metabolic rate 2. Hyperthyroidism (grave’s disease)
- Heat generation - Overproduction of t3 and t4 by the thyroid
- Neuromuscular fx gland.
- Heart rate Symptoms
- enlarge thyroid glans
Hypothalamus sends hormones to - Exophthalmus
ant and post pituitary glans - Hair thinning
1. Thyroid stimulating hormone - Sweating due to increase metabolism
2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone - Nervousness
3. Growth hormone - Weight loss due to increased
4. Prolactin hormones metabolism
5. Gonadotropins: luteinizing hormones Treatment
follicle stimulating hormone - mild cases - antithyroid medication -
prophylthiouracil and methimaze (block
Hypothalamus-thyroid releasing synthesis of t3 and t4)
- 50 yo: increase radioactive iodine
hormone -apg- thyroid stimulating
therapy
hormone-thyroid gland
- Surgical removal
Thyroid - butterfly shaped. Situated on the
right and left sides of the trachea.
RELEASES:
1. T3 (triiodothyronine)
2. T4 (thyroxine)
HYPOTHALAMUS - CORTICOTROPIN Treatment:
RELEASING HORMONES - apg - - surgical removal of the pituitary tumor
adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) -
adrenal gland Hypothalamus - growth releasing
hormones - apg - growth hormone
Adrenal gland
- Suprarenal glands, found on topof each Growth hormone
kidney - Stimulates growth, increase protein sy
Outer part : Adrenal Complex thesis
Releases: - Too little growth hormone will result to
1. Aldosterone - increase sodium dwarfism. Too much growth hormone
absorption will result to giantism or acromegaly
2. Cortisol - decrease inflammatory Acromelagy
responses - onset in adulthood
3. Androgen - secretes male sex - Typical onset of puberty
hormones - Slow symptom progression
Inner part: adrenal medulla Giantism
Releases: - onset in childhood
1. Adrenaline (epinephrine) - fight or - Delayed onset of puberty
flight hormones - Rapid symptom progression
2. Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) - Tall height
Similarities
Disorders - enlarged extrimities
1. Addison’s Disease - inadequate - Growth of facial features
secretion of cortisol and aldoesternone or - Weight gain
tumor in the pituitary
Symptoms: Disorders
- weakness 1. Pituitary dwarfism - a disorder called
- Weight loss growth hormone deficitt
- Decrease bo Symptoms
- bronzing of the skin/pigmentation - below average growth, body proportions
- Orthostatic hypotension will be normal
Treatment: - Immature appearance
- administer cortisone or hydrocortisone to - Chubby body build
replace cortisol - Prominent forehead
- Maintain fluid balance - Underdeveloped bridge of the nose
Treatment
2. Cushing’s syndrome - secretes an - regular injection of human growth hormone
excess of cortisol over a long period pf time
or tumor in the pituitary or the adrenal Hypothalamus - prolactin releasing
cortex hormones - apg - prolactin
Symptoms:
- moon face Prolactin
- Buffalo hump - stimulates milk production following
- Osteoporosis delivery in a pregnant woman. Prolactin
- Absence of menstruation (amenorrhea) levels normally low in males.
 Disorders Pancreas
1. Hyperprolactinemia - higher than - both and endocrine and exocrine
normal levels of prolactin in your blood in - Exocrine glands - secret their
general substances theough ducts onto your
Symptoms: body’s surface
- nipple discharge (galactorrhea) - Endocrine - secrete their substance
- Mentrual irregularities directly into your bloodstream
- Erectile dysfunction Releases:
Treatment 1. Insulin - decrease blood sugar levels
- surgery 2. Glucagon - increase blood sugar levels
- Medications (cabergoline and when its low
bromocriptine (parlodel) Disorders
1. Diabetes mellitus - is a disorder in which
Hypothalamus - gonadotropin the body does not produce enough or
releasing hormones - apg - respond nornally to insulin, blood sugar
gonadotropins : lh and feh levels abnormally high.
Ovaries
FSH Two types
- controls menstrual cycle, production of 1. Type 1 diabetes mellitus- juvenile onset
eggs by the ovaries, raising estrogens diabetes
LH 2. Type 2 diabetes mellitus- adult onset
- triggers release of an egg from the ovary, diabetes
stimulates corpus luteum to produce
progesterone Type 1
Testes - Juvenile onset.
FSH - autoimmune or genetic causes
- sertoli cells, produce androgen bundling - Non Functional Pancreas.
protein, sustains the maturing sperm cell - no insulin produced
LH - Cannot be Prevented
- leydig cells, produce testosterone - cannot be revesed
Disorders Type 2
1. Polycystic ovary syndrome (pcos) - - adult onset
ovaries produce an abnormal amount of - insulin resistance obesity on aging
androgens - partially functional pancreas
Symptoms: - some insulin produced
- irregular periods - can be prevented through lifestyle
- Polycystic ovary changes
- Excess body hair (hirsutism) - can be reversed with early diagnosis
- Weight gain around the belly Similarities
- Acne or oily skin - symptoms of thirst, frequent urination,
- Infertility blurry vision
Treatment - acquires a healthy lifestyle and medical
- lifestyle change, lose weight, decrease supervision
blood glucose levels while you ovulate - if left untreated, can progress into
- Combination birth control pills qualifications.
- Clomiphene