I.C.

SUBHAS (08103EN 053)

AAYUSH AGRAWAL (08103EN 029)
NAVEET HANSDA (08103EN 056)
VIVEK KUMAR SINGH (08103EN 027)
SHASHANK GANESH (08103EN 009)
PARAS VAID (08103EN 028)
ABHISHEK JAIN (08103EN 025)
JAYANT KAR (08103EN 017)
MOHIT KUMAR (08103EN 036)
Proposal for
Project on

Hydraulic Design of Water Conveyance
Structures of a Small Hydro Power Project
February 24, 2012






Under esteemed guidance of: Presented by:

Dr. K.K. PANDEY
Asst. Professor, Hydraulic and Water Resources
Department of Civil Engineering
Institute of Technology,
Banaras Hindu University

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to sincerely express our thanks and gratitude Mr. K. K. Pandey,
Assistant Professor, Hydraulic Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,
Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University for giving us an opportunity
for completing this project. It is also due to his efforts to have guided us and
encouraged throughout the compilation and data collection that has helped us
get desired results.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION:
GENERAL
Hydropower is a prime example of sustainable energy utilization. It can be
described as a beneficiary of the processes which are necessary to support all
life on earth: the heat of the sun evaporates the water in rivers, lakes and
oceans and makes it rise into the atmosphere, where it is condensed above
cooler regions and returns to earth as rain, hail or snow. Water that is not
collected in the oceans or seeps into the ground is collected in lakes, river and
streams. The power of water can be captured during its journey to the ocean.
This is possible by capitalizing on difference in height, which can be used for
power generation in hydropower stations.

Hydropower plays an important role in supporting the world economy.
Providing nineteen
percent of the worlds energy, hydropower is the fourth largest source of
energy production, placed behind fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. This
percentage could, however, be significantly higher, because the theoretical
potential of hydropower is significantly higher than its current output; estimate
suggest that it is approximately five times more than that. Thus, the worlds
entire power requirements could be met exclusively by hydro power.

In addition to hydro power being a renewable source of generating power,
unlike wood, coal, oil and natural gas during the combustion of which carbon
dioxide, sulphur dioxide and methane gases are released into the atmosphere
and consequently contributes to the greenhouse effect the prudent utilization
of hydropower leaves the ecosystem largely untouched. Among the sources of
alternative renewable energies, such as wind, solar, geothermal and biomass,
hydropower is attractive as other renewable sources like wind and solar are
available intermittently. Additionally, this technology has now acquired a very
high degree of maturity; the high efficiencies of hydro turbines can, at best, be
improved further only in the decimals behind the point. Currently, many hydro
turbines operate at over 90 percent efficiency. These are all factors which
makes the controlled utilization of hydropower unique.

Background
Harnessed energy has become a symbol of growth and instrument for
development. Hydroelectric power is among the cleanest end use energy input
for economic activity, domestic and civic conveniences, climate control,
communication and technology. Power generation in India began more than a
century ago in 1897 when the first small hydro power unit of 130 kW was set
up in Darjeeling, followed by first stream driven power plant rated 1000 kW
two years later at Calcutta in 1899. In 1947, when India attained freedom, the
country had an installed capacity of 1362 MW in the utility sector. The
installed generation capacity as at end of 2007 was 127673 MW. The overall
growth rate has been to the tune of about 8%. However, it is to be noted that to
keep the countrys economy on strong footing in the coming years, the country
needs to achieve in 10 years what it had achieved in last more than 50 years (in
power generation sector).
Advantages of Hydro Power
Hydro power is a renewable, economic, non-polluting and environmentally
benign source
of energy. Hydro power stations have the inherent ability for instantaneous
starting, stopping, load variations etc. and help in improving reliability of
power system. There is no fuel cost during the life of the station as hydro
power generation is a non-consumptive use of water. The benefit of hydro
power as clean, environment friendly and economically attractive sources of
energy has now been sufficiently recognized. The need for its accelerated
development also comes from its capability of enhanced system reliability and
economics of utilization of resources.

Need for Hydro Power Generation
At the time of Independence, the share of hydro in the total installed capacity
was around
37%, this continued to rise, crossing 50% in the year 1963. Thereafter, its share
started declining. Until the late seventies, the share of hydro remained above
40%, considered to be the ideal hydro- thermal mix for meeting the demand in
an efficient manner. However, ever since the eighties, the share of hydro has
started declining sharply and at present, the share of hydro constitutes only
about 26.1% of the overall installed capacity of the country.
Considering the advantages, the reduction in hydro share means increase in
pollution and
increase in overall long-term power tariff, it is essential to increase the hydro
share.
Initiatives by Government
To encourage greater participation by Indian and foreign private entrepreneurs
in hydroelectric power generation, a number of measures have been taken by
the central as well as state Governments for increasing the hydro capacity.

To accelerate capacity addition in the Power sector, a policy to encourage
greater participation by private entrepreneurs in India and abroad in electric
power generation has been announced. Central Government issued
notifications for hydro power projects incorporating several incentives to
private developers which broadly cover incentives for better availability of
machines, for generation of extra energy, compensation for hydrological risk,
etc. In India, water resources development is state subject.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The consistent power shortage despite capacity additions is due to the growth
of electricity consumption in the country. Hydroelectric power is among the
cleanest end use energy. Small Hydro Power (SHP) Projects harnessing small
perennial streams can be useful for meeting the growing electricity demand.
The current topic is chosen to study, understand, explain and make easier the
design procedure of necessary elements of a Small Hydro Power Project. The
various hydraulic parts of a SHP are as follows:
1. Diversion Weir and Intake
2. Feeder Channel
3. Desilting Tank
4. Power Channel
5. Head Race Tunnel
6. Surge Tank
7. Penstock
8. Surface Power House
9. Tail Race Channel
10. Approach Roads

The components which will be undertaken for the project are design of Surge
Tank and Desilting Tank. The design will be carried out with the help of
theories given in textbooks, established research papers and related Indian
Standard Codes. The other components shall be taken up depending upon the
remaining time before end semester exams.

OBJECTIVE: Hydraulic design of Desilting Tank & Surge Tank of water
conveyance structures of a small hydro power (SHP) project manually.
SOURCE OF DATA: The necessary data for computational requirements
during the design process shall be taken for a SHP Project (2X3500kW) which
is being constructed on a perennial stream Holi, a tributary of river Ravi, in
Chamba, Himachal Pradesh. The data for the purpose of study shall be
provided by OM Energy Generation Pvt. Ltd. which is carrying out the
aforesaid project.

DESILTING TANK (SETTLING BASIN)
Various types of tanks like Holding Tanks, Desilting Tanks, Weir Tanks,
Baffle Tanks and Frac Tanks are used for various groundwater control and
construction dewatering projects. Out of which Desilting tank is a very
important component of a dam, also known as settling basin.
Desilting tank acts as a basin to remove the silt from the water entering the
power channel. R.C.C. rectangular basin open at top and is rectangular in shape
with transitions both at the entrance and exit points. Water from feeder channel
enters the tank through a transition. The splinter walls are provided to regulate
the flow of water through the transition. Desilting tank is divided in to suitable
number of parts. Each part is made in the form of a hopper. Arrangement is
made to flush out the silt fromthe bottom of the hopper base through a pipe.
Desanders and desilters are used for the operation.
Desanders:
Desanders and Desilters are drilling rig equipment with a set of hydrocyclones
that separates sand and silt from the drilling fluid. Desander is installed after
shakers and degasser but before Desilter. Desander removes those abrasive
solids from the drilling mud which cannot be removed by shakers. Desilting is
employed in dams and lakes.
A centrifugal pump is used to pump drilling fluid through the set of
hydrocyclones.
Desanders have no moving parts. The larger the internal diameter of the
Desander is, the greater the amount of drilling fluids it is able to process and
the larger the size of the solids removed. Desander (10 inches (250 mm) cone)
are able to remove 50% of solids within the 40-50 m (micrometer) range at a
flow rate of 500 US gallons per minute (32 L/s), while Desilter (4 inches (100
mm) Cone) are able to remove 50% of solids within the 15-20 m range at a
flow rate of 60 US gallons per minute (3.8 L/s). Micro fine separators are able
to remove 50% of solids within the 10-15 m range at a flow rate of 15 US
gallons per minute (0.95 L/s). Desander is typically positioned next-to-last in
the arrangement of solids control equipment, with decanter centrifuge as the
subsequent processing unit. Desanders are preceded by gas busters, gumbo
removal equipment (if utilized), shale shaker, mud cleaner (if utilized) and
vacuum degasser. Desander is widely used in oilfield drilling.






Partially constructed Desilting tank



General Arrangement: Desilting tank acts as a settling basin to remove the
silt from the water entering the power channel. It is a R.C.C. rectangular basin
open at top and is rectangular in shape with transitions both at the entrance and
exit points. Water from feeder channel enters the tank through a transition. The
splinter walls are provided (see fig. 11) to regulate the flow of water through
the transition. Floor. Desilting tank is divided in to suitable no. of parts. Each
part is made in the form of a hopper (figs. 12 & 13). Arrangement is made to
flush out the silt from the bottom of the hopper base through a pipe. This
arrangement is operated from outside the tank.
Design Philosophy
Desilting tank, being a water retaining structure will be designed on no crack
basis. The walls are designed for earth as well as water pressures, while base
slab should also consider uplift.
Desilting Tank General Arrangement








Details of floor of Desilting Tank
Typical Details of Desilting Tank
Design Steps of Settling Tank




Time required for settling of silt:
Assuming the opening at the base of hopper be 250 mm.
Assuming the slope of the hopper is to be 1:1, depth of hopper = 3m.
Volume of water = A.V =

Change in Volume =
( ) ( )
2
2
1 1
2
3 3
a h a dh H dh
(

(


=
( )
2
4
4
3 3 3
a a
ah dh h a dh
| |
+ + +
|
\ .

Now equating both quantities,

( )
2
2
2 2
4
2 1
( 2 ) 3
a h a dh
r
r gh
a d dt
t
t
+ | |
=
|

\ .

( )
2
2
1
4
r
C h dh
a adh
t
t
| |
| =
|

\ .
, where ( )
2
3 2
4
r g
C
a h a
t
=
+


( )
2
2
1
4
r
C h dt dh
a adh
t
| |
| =
|

\ .


Integrating both sides, we get,
2 tc h =


Velocity of flow,
2
Q t
v
r t
=

Time required for opening of the gate = Total Depth/v

SURGE TANK
A surge tank (or surge drum) is a standpipe or storage reservoir at the
downstream end of a closed aqueduct or feeder pipe to absorb sudden rises of
pressure as well as to quickly provide extra water during a brief drop in
pressure. An open tank to which the top of a surge pipe is connected so as to
avoid loss of water during a pressure surge.
In mining technology, ore pulp pumps use a relatively small surge tank to
maintain a steady loading on the pump.
For hydroelectric power uses, a surge tank is an additional storage space or
reservoir fitted between the main storage reservoir and the power house (as
close to the power house as possible). Surge tanks are usually provided in high
or medium-head plants when there is a considerable distance between the water
source and the power unit, necessitating a long penstock. The main functions of
the surge tank are:
1. When the load decreases, the water moves backwards and gets stored in it.
2. When the load increases, additional supply of water will be provided by
surge tank.
In short, the surge tank mitigates pressure variations due to rapid changes in
velocity of water.

Operations
Consider a pipe containing a flowing fluid. When a valve is either fully or
partially closed at some point downstream, the fluid will continue to flow at the
original velocity. In order to counteract the momentum of the fluid the pressure
will rise significantly (pressure surge) just upstream of the control valve and
may result in damage to the pipe system. If a surge chamber is connected to the
pipeline just upstream of the valve, on valve closure the fluid instead of being
stopped suddenly by the valve will flow upwards into the chamber hence
reducing the surge pressures experienced in the pipeline.
Upon closure of the valve, the fluid continues to flow, passing into the
surge tank causing the water level in the tank to rise. The level in the tank will
continue to rise until the additional head due to the height of fluid in the tank
balances the surge pressure in the pipeline. At this point the flow in the tank
and pipeline will reverse causing the level in the tank to drop. This oscillation
in tank height and flow will continue for some time but its magnitude will
dissipate slowly due to the effects of friction.





Schematic diagram of Surge tank


Picture of Surge tank of a dam in Blue ridge mountains

Applications
1. Offshore and land operations
2. Drillstem testing
3. Well cleanups
4. Production/well testing
5. Early-production facilities

A small scale Surge tank
Features, Advantages and Benefits
1. Back-pressure control on the gas outlet enables the vessel to be used as a
second-stage, two-phase separator for enhanced operational flexibility.
2. Pressure, temperature, and sampling ports located on vessel to maximize
phase measurement and sampling.
3. Full-bore bypass manifold with isolation valves enables routing of inlet
effluent to gas and oil outlets.
4. Separate vessel drain outlet with isolation valve.
5. Configuration and flexibility of vessels internal components allow use
of a standard manway.
6. Pressure safety valve on vessel with relief line to edge of skid,
diagonally opposed grounding points on baseskid, and explosion-proof
lighting at the front and rear of the unit enhance operational safety.
7. Calibrated sight glasses for oil and water measurement.
8. Flanged nozzle provision on vessel to allow optional level controller and
Hi-Lo pressure alarm and shutdown sensors.
9. CSC certified, ISO rated frame and skid enable stacking of units for
increased durability and mobility.
10. Integral forklift pockets provide added flexibility to handling and
movement.

A simple Surge Tank is sluggish and requires great volume therefore, a
differential type surge tank i.e. Orifice type Surge Tank is considered.
Restricted Orifice type surge tank takes care of water hammer pressure in water
conductor system of the power house during hydraulic transient condition.
a) Diameter of Surge Tank:

To ensure stability of the tank, area is governed by Thoma Criteria.
Considering a station in isolation, the Thoma criteria is
3
t t
th
2
t o
L A V
A
V H 2g |
=


t t
o
L A V
H 2g |
=

Where
A
th
= Thoma Area of Surge Tank
L = Length of tunnel
A
t
= Area of HRT
V
t
=Velocity in HRT
= Coefficient of hydraulic losses (say Head losses, h
f
)
H
o
= Net Head of Turbine

For a restricted orifice, a factor of safety equal to 1.6 is applied as per IS 7396
(Part-I) 1985.

Diameter of Surge Tank, D =
th
A 4
t

b) Diameter of Orifice

The resistance (hor) offered by the orifice area (Ao) shall be calculated from
the following
Formulas:


2
t
or
2 2
d o
Q
h
C A 2g
=


The values of discharge coefficient (Cd) usually vary between 0.6 and 0.9
depending on the shape, size and number of orifices. The area of the orifice is
so chosen as to satisfy the condition given by Calame and Gaden for maximum
flow which is as follows;


f f
or
h 3h * *
h
4 4
2 2
Z Z
+ s s +


Where Z* is surge height corresponding to change in discharge neglecting
friction and orifice losses, given by
Z* =
t
t
s
L A
V
g A


Therefore
t
o
d or
Q 1
A
C h 2g
=

So, Diameter of orifice =
A 4
o
t

c) Maximum and Minimum Surge Levels

The maximum and minimum surge levels can be calculated by an approximate
method given by Parmakian (1960) as follow;

(i) Maximum up Surge Level

The maximum up surge height (Zmax) above steady state level in surge tank for
total rejection of load is given by as;

0.89
max o f
Z 1.05 (b ) H

=

Where
2
t
f
V
H minimum losses in HRT
2g
= +
&
s t f
o
t
A g A H
b
Q L
=




(ii) Minimum down surge level

The lowest down surge (Zmin) is given by the following equation

0.91
min o f
Z 0.88 (b ) H

=

Where
2
t
f
V
H Maximum losses in HRT
2g
= +
&
s t f
o
t
A g A H
b
Q L
=


DESIGN STEPS
1. Desilting tank

Assumptions:
1. Design discharge of power house = 2.5 cumec
2. Type of turbine used = Pelton type turbine
3. Net head on turbine (H
0
) = 300 m
4. Settling velocity = 2.5 cm/sec = 0.025 m/sec


Design Steps:
Design discharge of power house is 2.5 cumec. Considering 15% flushing
discharge and 10% overloading of the plant, the design discharge =
2.5
1.10 3.24
0.85
= cumecs

Particle size to be removed = 0.20 mm

Flow velocity in the tank =
a d

Where a = 0.44 for 1.0mm < d < 0.1mm
=
0.44 0.2 0.2 =

m/sec

Let the width of tank is 6.0 m
Depth required=
Q
B U
=
3.25
2.708
0.2 6
=

m = 2.8 m (say)
Moderated settling velocity, v =
0
0.132 / U D e
=
=
0.132
2.5 2.5 2.303
2.8
= cm/sec = 0.023 m/sec
Settling length of Tank =
U.D
' v
=

0.2 2.8
24.35
0.023

=
m = 24 m (say)

Provide a Desilting Tank of 6.0 m width, 2.8 m depth and 24.0 m length with
one row of hoppers of 6.0 x 6.0 x 2.8 m depth.

Assuming the inlet width = 1.5 m
And outlet width = 1.4 m
Length of U/s transition =
6 1.5
6 13.5
2
m

(
=
(

= 14 m (say)

Length of D/s transition =
6 1.4
4 9.2
2
m

(
=
(

= 9 m (say)
Total length of desilting tank including transitions = 14 + 24 + 9 = 47 m

The flushing shall be carried out by 250 mm flushing pipes which will take
off from bottom of hoppers and outlet in a nearby drain which leads to the river
source. The level of flushing pipes at their outlets shall be kept at least 1.0 m
above the maximum water level in the drain/nallah.


Time required for settling of silt:
Assuming the opening at the base of hopper be 250 mm.
Assuming the slope of the hopper is to be 1:1, depth of hopper = 3m.
Volume of water = A.V =

2
2
2
2 1
( 2 )
r
r gh
a d
t
t
| |

\ .

Change in Volume =
( ) ( )
2
2
1 1
2
3 3
a h a dh H dh
(

(


=

( )
2
4
4
3 3 3
a a
ah dh h a dh
| |
+ + +
|
\ .

Now equating both quantities,
( )
2
2
2 2
4
2 1
( 2 ) 3
a h a dh
r
r gh
a d dt
t
t
+ | |
=
|

\ .

( )
2
2
1
4
r
C h dh
a adh
t
t
| |
| =
|

\ .
, where
( )
2
3 2
4
r g
C
a h a
t
=
+


( )
2
2
1
4
r
C h dt dh
a adh
t
| |
| =
|

\ .


Integrating both sides, we get,
2 tc h =

( )
2 71.69 143.38 t = =
s,
Take t=150 s.

Velocity of flow,
( )
2
36 150
0.15
v
t
=

= 1.22 m/s

Time required for opening of the gate = 5800/v
5800/25
= 232 sec 4 minutes (say)

2. Surge Tank
Assumptions:
1. Design discharge (Q
t
) = 2.5 cumec
2. Area of HRT (A
t
) = 2.5 m2
3. Length of tunnel (L) = 1000 m.
4. Turbine Specs. = Pelton Turbine.
5. Net head on turbine (H
o
) = 300.00 m
6. The minimum head losses in HRT = 0.7 m
7. The maximum head losses in HRT = 0.85 m
8. Velocity in HRT = 1.0 m/s.
(a) Diameter of Surge Tank:
To ensure the hydraulic stability of surge tank, its area is governed by Thoma
criteria.

3
t t
th
2
t o
L A V
A
V H 2g |
=


A
th
=
1000 2.5 1.0
0.7 300 2 9.81


= 0.606 m
2


For a restricted orifice, a factor of safety equal to 1.6 is applied as per IS 7396
(Part-I) 1985.
Thus the area of a restricted orifice type surge tank:
= 1.6 x 0.606 = 0.97m
2


The diameter of surge tank =
th
A 4
H
=

= 1.11 m

A minimum diameter equal to diameter of HRT shall be provided for the surge
tank.
The diameter of HRT =

= 1.78 m 2.0 m, say

The area of surge tank (A
s
) = 3.14 m
2
.

(b) Diameter of Orifice

The resistance (h
or
) offered by the orifice area (A
o
),

2
t
or
2 2
d o
Q
h
C A 2g
=


h
or
=

Where, A = A
0


Z* =
t
t
s
L A
V
g A

= 1.0

= 9.0 m

f f
or
h 3h * *
h
4 4
2 2
Z Z
+ s s +


=>
or
6.545 h 6.895 s s

or
h = 6.6 m

So,
t
o
d or
Q 1
A
C h 2g
=


or,
0
2.5 1
A 0.314
0.7 6.6 9.81 2
= =



Diameter of orifice =
A 4
o
t

0.314 4
0.63
t

= =
m

So provide the diameter of orifice as 1.0 m

Provided area of orifice (A
o
) = 0.785 m
2
.


(c) Maximum and Minimum Surge Levels

(i) Maximum up Surge Level
The maximum up surge height (Z
max
) above steady state level in surge tank for
total rejection
of load is given by as;

0.89
max o f
Z 1.05 (b ) H

=


Where
2
t
f
V
H minimum losses in HRT
2g
= +

2
f
1.0
H 0.7 0.75
2 9.81
= + =

m &

s t f
o
t
A g A H
b
Q L
=
,

o
0.75 3.14 9.81 2.5
b 0.083
2.5 1000

= =


Therefore,
0.89
max
Z 1.05 (0.083) 0.75=7.21

=
m

(ii)Minimum down surge level
The lowest down surge (Z
min
) is given by the following equation
0.91
min o f
Z 0.88 (b ) H

=


Where,
2
t
f
V
H Maximum losses in HRT
2g
= +

2
f
1.0
H 0.85 0.9
2 9.81
= + =

m &

s t f
o
t
A g A H
b
Q L
=

o
0.9 3.14 9.81 2.5
b 0.0996
2.5 1000

= =


Therefore,
0.89
max
Z 1.05 (0.0996) 0.9=6.46

=
m

Results:
1. Desilting Tank
(a) Size of tank : Length 25.0 m, width 6.0 m & depth 2.8 m
(b) Transition length (upstream) : 14 m
(c) Transition length (downstream) : 12 m
(d) Material : R.C.C.
(e) Particle size to be removed : 0.2 mm
(f) Silt disposal outlet : 250 mm dia pipes
(g) Design discharge : 3.24 cumecs
(h) Free board : 0.30 m
2. Surge Tank
(a) Type : Restricted orifice type
(b) Diameter : 2.0 m
(c) Orifice dia : 1.0 m

References:
1. Standards/ Manuals/ Guidelines for Small Hydro Development, Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, April 2008
2. Holi II Small Hydro Power Project District: Chamba (H.P.), Alternate
Hydro Energy Cenre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, June 2010
3. IS 7396 (Part-I) 1985