10

Science
Quarter 3 – Module 4:
Central Dogma of Biology:
Protein Synthesis

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

SCIENCE - Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 - Module 4: Central Dogma of Biology: Protein Synthesis
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Bukidnon

Development Team of the Module

Author: Monaliza S. Agsalog, MAED

Content Editor: Said M. Macabago, PhD
Language Editor: Cecilia Casipong Damayan
Reviewers: Ellen A. Azuelo, PhD
Rejynne Mary L. Ruiz, PhD

Illustrator and Layout Artist: Ma. Eliza Joy Agsalog

Management Team

Chairperson: Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III

Regional Director

Co-Chairpersons: Dr. Victor G. De Gracia Jr. CESO V

Asst. Regional Director
Randolph B. Tortola, PhD, CESO IV
Schools Division Superintendent
Shambaeh A. Usman, PhD
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Mala Epra B. Magnaong, Chief ES, CLMD
Neil A. Improgo, EPS-LRMS
Bienvenido U. Tagolimot, Jr., EPS-ADM

Members Elbert R. Francisco, PhD, Chief EPS, CID

Ellen A. Azuelo, PhD, EPS in Science
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Shella O. Bolasco, Division Librarian II

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 10

Science
Quarter 3 – Module 4:
Central Dogma of Biology:
Protein Synthesis

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by

educators from public schools. We encourage teachers and other education
stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the
Department of Education at bukidnon@deped.gov.ph. We value your feedback
and recommendations.

ii
 Table of Contents
Page
COVER PAGE
COPYRIGHT PAGE
TITLE PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Lesson 1: Replication of DNA

What I Know ………………………………… 1

What’s In ………………………………… 3
What’s New ………………………………… 3
What is It ………………………………… 5
What’s More ………………………………… 8
What I Have Learned ………………………………… 9
What I Can Do ………………………………… 9
Lesson 1: Assessment ………………………………… 11
Additional Activities ………………………………… 13

Lesson 2: Transcription of DNA

What I Know ………………………………… 15

What’s In ………………………………… 16
What’s New ………………………………… 16
What is It ………………………………… 18
What’s More ………………………………… 19
What I Have Learned ………………………………… 21
What I Can Do ………………………………… 21
Lesson 2: Assessment ………………………………… 21
Additional Activities ………………………………… 24

Lesson 3: Translation of RNA to

Protein

What I Know ………………………………… 25

What’s In ………………………………… 27
What’s New ………………………………… 27
What Is It ………………………………… 27
What’s More ………………………………… 33
What I Have Learned ………………………………… 38
What I Can Do ………………………………… 39
Lesson 3: Assessment ………………………………… 39
Additional Activities ………………………………… 41

Assessment (Unit Test) ………………………………… 42

Key to Answers ………………………………… 44
References ………………………………… 49

iii
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Grade 10 Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

The Central Dogma of Biology: Protein Synthesis

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

from public schools to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners
meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body
of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

Your primary role in classroom is to identify situations which can challenge
students to learn specially at this time of Covid-19 pandemic. Despite our
present situation, let us be optimistic that quality education can still be
delivered to our students through Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM). It is
your role to explain the purpose of this instruction to the students. As the
facilitator of learning, find a sense of balance between the academic and
nurturing aspects of teaching and approach the learning experience in a
positive, fun and non-dominating way.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

iv
For the learner:

Welcome to the Grade 10 Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

The Central Dogma of Biology: Protein Synthesis

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used
to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies
in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or

Know competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as
a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener,
an activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
What I Have This includes questions or blank
Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or

v
 skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional In this portion, another activity will be
Activities given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned. This also tends
retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

For the parent/guardian:

As schools continue to remain closed due to coronavirus, parents and guardians

are challenged with a new role in guiding students in module-based learning at
home.

This module was designed to provide your student with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at their own pace and time.
They will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being
an active learner, with your guidance.

At the end of this module you will find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you
are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it! 😊

vi
 Lesson

1 Replication of DNA

What I Need to Know

In order for our bodies to function, we need to provide them with a range of nutrients
that we obtain from our diet. The chemical digestion process uses proteins and enzymes to
break down the particles of food into usable nutrients which our cells can absorb. The
instructions to generate proteins are contained in our DNA where the genes are found. The
“Central Dogma” is the process which converts the instructions in the DNA into a functional
biological product called Protein. It was first proposed by the discoverer of the DNA
structure, Francis Crick, in 1958.

Lesson 1: What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. According to the central dogma, which of the following represents the flow of genetic
information in cells?
A. protein to DNA to RNA
B. DNA to RNA to protein
C. RNA to DNA to protein
D. DNA to protein to RNA

2. Which of the following enzymes is used to join strands of DNA?

A. DNA Ligase
B. Primase
C. Nucleic Acid
D. DNA Polymerase

3. What happens during the start of DNA replication?

A. The bonds between nitrogen base and deoxyribose sugar break.
B. The leading strands produce the Ozaraki fragments.
C. The hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides of two strands break.
D. The phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides break.

4. Unwinding of the DNA is done by which enzyme?

A. Ligase
B. Helicase
C. Hexonuclease
D. DNA Polymerase
5. DNA replication is possible due to:
A. Hydrogen bond.
B. Complementary base pairing
C. Phosphate backbone
D. Nucleotides

6. By the end of DNA replication, a new DNA is formed with what structure?
A. Hexagonal
B. Linear
C. Double Helix
D. Planar

7. Proofreading and repair of a DNA strand occurs during:

A. Initiation
B. Elongation
C. Termination
D. Polymerization

8. The synthesis of DNA by DNA polymerase occurs in the

A. 3' to 5' direction
B. 5' to 5' direction
C. 5' to 3' direction
D. 3' to 3' direction

9. During which of the following process a new copy of a DNA molecule is precisely
synthesized?
A. Transformation
B. Transcription
C. Translation
D. Replication

10. What is the purpose of a DNA primer?

A. To build the daughter strand of DNA.
B. To unwind the double helix.
C. To terminate the process of DNA replication.
D. To initiate the process of DNA replication.

11. Protein synthesis refers to the:

A. process of formation of amino acids from mRNA
B. process of formation of amino acids directly from a DNA template
C. process of formation of mRNA from DNA template
D. process of duplicating DNA required for protein synthesis

12. When DNA replication starts,

A. The phosphodiester bonds between the adjacent nucleotides break
B. The bonds between the nitrogen base and deoxyribose sugar break
C. The leading strand produces Okazaki fragments
D. The hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides of two strand break

13. During DNA replication, the synthesis of DNA on the laggings strand takes place in
segments, these segments are called.
A. Satellite segments
B. Double helix segments
C. Kornberg segments
 D. Okazaki segments

14. True replication of DNA is possible due to:

A. Hydrogen bonding
B. Phosphate backbone
C. Complementary base pairs
D. None of the above

15. Eukaryotes differ from prokaryote in the mechanism of DNA replication due to:
A. Different enzyme for synthesis of leading and lagging strand
B. Use of DNA primer rather than RNA primer
C. Unidirectional rather than bidirectional replication
D. Discontinuous rather than semi discontinuous replication

What’s In

In this module, you will learn how a Protein is formed from a DNA. This module will allow you
to study the process of DNA replication, transcription of DNA to RNA and the translation of
RNA to form a Protein. You will have a broader understanding on how the essential nutrients
in our body are formed as you perform the activities and applications as you go along in this
module.

What’s New

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the genetic material of all organisms on Earth from
microbes to plants and human beings. An organism’s complete set of DNAs, including all of
its genes is called genome. A genome contains a complete set of information which
determines inherited physical characteristics such as height, skin, eye and hair color and
many others. Every cell in a human body nearly has similar DNA and in eukaryotic cells
(cells that contain a nucleus and organelles, and are enclosed by a plasma membrane). The
DNA is a thin long molecule found in the cell’s nucleus which is made up of nucleotides. The
basic structure of nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, sugar and a nitrogenous base
which will be further discussed in the next lessons. The four different type of nucleotides of
DNA are adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine which are represented by their first
letter A, T, G, C. These four nucleotides are paired as (Adenine-Thymine) and (Guanine-
Cytosine) into billions to organize a double helix structure.

Try to look closely at the given structure of DNA.

 Figure 1. Illustration to show the structure of DNA double helix. (1)

DNA molecules fold into paired packages called chromosomes that are stored in the
nucleus of the cell. Different species have different numbers of chromosomes, and humans
have 23 pairs. Chromosome contain many genes and on each string of DNA contains the
gene which is the basic unit of heredity and a segment that describes how a certain protein
is made.

Figure 2. Illustration to show that a cell contains the genome, chromosomes, DNA and
genes. (2)
 What is It

James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, worked out that DNA is double helix which
appears like a staircase. The sides of the double helix structure are the sugar phosphate
backbones and the steps or rungs are the base pairs.

DNA Replication is the process of DNA duplication from an existing DNA. The
replication of DNA is important for the growth repair and reproduction of cells of an
organism. This process occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells before a cell divides either
by mitosis of meiosis. When a cell divides, each resulting cell keeps a copy of all of your
chromosomes.

The major key players in DNA replication are the enzymes helicase, primase, DNA
polymerase and ligase. Helicase is the unzipping enzyme and unzips the two strands of
DNA in the double helix through the hydrogen bond that holds the two base pairs together.
Primase will initialize the process and directs the DNA polymerase for it to figure out
where it gets to start. This primer is the starting point for DNA synthesis. The primers are
made of RNA (Ribonucleic Acid). Its major role is to act as a messenger carrying
instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins. DNA polymerase is the
builder enzyme which replicates DNA molecules in order to build a new strand of DNA.
Ligase is the gluer. which helps glue DNA fragments together to form the new strand of
DNA.
Let us now proceed to the three major steps of DNA replication (initiation, elongation and
termination) and see what happens in each stage.

Step 1: Initiation
DNA replication starts at the Origin of Replication. The unzipping enzyme Helicase,
causes the DNA strand separation, which leads to the formation of the replication fork. It
breaks the hydrogen bond between the base pairs to separate the strand, thus separating
the DNA into individua strands.
Step 2: Elongation
During elongation, DNA Polymerase III makes the new DNA strand by reading the
nucleotides on the template strand and binding one nucleotide after the other to generate a
whole new complementary strand. It helps in the proofreading and repairing the new strand.
DNA Polymerase is able to identify and back track any mis paired nucleotides and corrects it
immediately. The bases attached to each strand then pair up with the three nucleotides
found in the cytoplasm. If it finds an Adenine (A) on the template, it will only add a Thymine
(T). If it finds a Guanine (G) on the template, it will only add a Cytosine (C).

Step 3. Termination
In the previous steps of DNA replication, at the Origin, a Primer helps the DNA
Polymerase to initiate the process. As the strand is created, the primer has to be removed.
This is when DNA Polymerase I comes into the picture to replace the RNA nucleotides from
the Primer with DNA nucleotides to make sure it is DNA all the way through. When DNA
Polymerase III adds nucleotides to the lagging strand and forms Okazaki fragments, it
leaves a gap or two between the fragments. These gaps are filled by the enzyme ligase and
makes sure that everything else is connected.
Now, try to examine the two figures below for you to see and understand the complete
process of DNA Replication.

Figure 3. DNA replication process. (5)

Figure 4. DNA Replication process. (6)

The Replication process is considered complete once all the Primers are removed and
Ligase has filled in all the remaining gaps between the Okazaki Fragments. This process
gives us two identical copies of the original DNA molecule. This whole replication process is
happening in billions of cells in your body even at this very moment. The original DNA is
called the template DNA, while the replicate DNA is called the complement DNA, both
templates IDENTICAL as shown in Figure 4!
Now, you might ask this question; ‘Why is it important for DNA TO UNDERGO
REPLICATION?” Well, it is important for DNA present in the nucleus to be replicated so that
every new cell receives the appropriate number of chromosomes. This process is necessary
for cell repair and growth and reproduction in living organisms.

What’s More

Activity 1.1 Word Shuffle

Word shuffle is an activity which helps strengthen your speed in processing learned
information. To understand the words better, a definition or a clue is given on the right side
of the sheet. One way of getting the word correctly is by looking at the definition and the
shuffled letters and align them both to arrive at the correct answer.
Learning the Skill: Identifying Words in Context
1. First, read the definition or clue on Column C.
2. If the word is not defined directly, read several sentences beyond the one in which
the word first appears. These sentences may provide information about the definition
of the word.
3. Next, identify the word based on what we have discussed earlier.
4. Write the correct term on Column A.
Identify the correct term using the shuffled letters in Column B using the given
definition or clue on Column C.

A. Correct Word B. Shuffled Word C. Definition or Clue

1 UOEBLD XHILE Structure of a DNA.
2 OTSYINEC The nucleotide pair of Guanine.
XOEDCIELCUNOYBIR
3 Contains the genomes.
CADI
Process of DNA duplication from an
4 RPCATILEOIN
existing DNA
Enzyme that unzips the DNA strand
5 ELIHCSAE
during replication.
What do you call the Adenine-
6 BSEA
Thymine pair?
Fragments of DNA that are produced
7 OKAKIZA
during the process of DNA replication
8 YDRGOHNE The type of bond which breaks down
 when helicase starts to unzip the DNA
strand.
Basic unit of heredity which carries
9 ENGE the characteristic of parents to
children.
This is the step of DNA replication
where the DNA Polymerase creates
10 OLAIONTNEG
new strands of nucleotide specifically
paired to another nucleotide.

What I Have Learned (Lesson Summary)

1. What do you call the process which converts the instructions in the DNA into a
functional biological product called Protein? (3 points)
2. What is the genetic material of all organisms on Earth from microbes to plants and
human beings? (3 points)
3. What do you call the process of DNA duplication from an existing DNA and is also
considered important for the growth repair and reproduction of cells of an organism?
(3 points)
4. What are the three major steps in DNA Replication? (3 points)
5. What are the major key players in DNA replication? (3 points)

What I Can Do

Activity 1.2 My DNA Double Helix Model

In this activity, you are to create a DNA model showing its double helix structure. A step by
step guide is given below with materials you can find at home. (7) Here are some suggested
materials, however you can use any available material in your home such as old magazines,
a colored paper or any other materials available which you will roll to replace the plastic
straws as indicated in the list of materials.

Materials:

Adhesive Tape Yellow Straw 5 pcs Stick 2pcs

Red Straw 5 pcs Green Straw 5 pcs
Blue Straw 5 pcs Scissors
Steps:

1. Cut all straws to 3 parts, all with the same length. Similarly, if you are using the old
magazines, you must roll them in the same length. Make sure that each nucleotide base will
be assigned a specific color.
2. Tape together two different colors of straw or rolled paper to represent pairing of two
bases.

3. Stick the straws or rolled papers on both ends using an adhesive tape as shown below.

4. Secure the straws with another layer of adhesive tape.

5. Put sticks on both ends to secure and hold the model.

6. Hold both pencil ends and twist to see a DNA helix structure.

*Assign specific color code for each nucleotide base.

*Submit your DNA Model to your teacher since this will be rated using the following criteria:

Accuracy of Model Quality of Model

10 base pairs minimum 10 pts The model is excellent and neat 5 pts
Model shows much creativity and
Correct base pairing 5 pts 5 pts
time invested
Hydrogen bond between base pairs 5 pts

Base pairs connect to deoxyribose 5 pts

Shows correct double helix shape 5 pts

 Lesson 1: Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following enzymes is used to join strands of DNA?

A. DNA Ligase
B. Primase
C. Nucleic Acid
D. DNA Polymerase

2. According to the central dogma, which of the following represents the flow of genetic
information in cells?
A. protein to DNA to RNA
B. DNA to RNA to protein
C. RNA to DNA to protein
D. DNA to protein to RNA

3. What happens during the start of DNA replication?

A. The bonds between nitrogen base and deoxyribose sugar break.
B. The leading strands produce the Ozaraki fragments.
C. The hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides of two strands break.
D. The phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides break.

4. Unwinding of the DNA is done by which enzyme?

A. Ligase
B. Helicase
C. Hexonuclease
D. DNA Polymerase

5. By the end of DNA replication, a new DNA is formed with what structure?
A. Hexagonal
B. Linear
C. Double Helix
D. Planar

6. DNA replication is possible due to:

A. Hydrogen bond.
B. Complementary base pairing
C. Phosphate backbone
D. Nucleotides

7. Proofreading and repair of a DNA strand occurs during:

A. Initiation
B. Elongation
C. Termination
D. Polymerization

8. The synthesis of DNA by DNA polymerase occurs in the

 A. 3' to 5' direction
B. 5' to 5' direction
C. 5' to 3' direction
D. 3' to 3' direction

9. During which of the following process a new copy of a DNA molecule is precisely
synthesized?
A. Transformation
B. Transcription
C. Translation
D. Replication

10. What is the purpose of a DNA primer?

A. To build the daughter strand of DNA.
B. To unwind the double helix.
C. To terminate the process of DNA replication.
D. To initiate the process of DNA replication.

11. Protein synthesis refers to the:

A. process of formation of amino acids from mRNA
B. process of formation of amino acids directly from a DNA template
C. process of formation of mRNA from DNA template
D. process of duplicating DNA required for protein synthesis

12. When DNA replication starts,

A. The phosphodiester bonds between the adjacent nucleotides break
B. The bonds between the nitrogen base and deoxyribose sugar break
C. The leading strand produces Okazaki fragments
D. The hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides of two strand break

13. During DNA replication, the synthesis of DNA on the laggings strand takes place in
segments, these segments are called.
A. Satellite segments
B. Double helix segments
C. Kornberg segments
D. Okazaki segments

14. True replication of DNA is possible due to:

A. Hydrogen bonding
B. Phosphate backbone
C. Complementary base pairs
D. None of the above

15. Eukaryotes differ from prokaryote in the mechanism of DNA replication due to:
A. Different enzyme for synthesis of leading and lagging strand
B. Use of DNA primer rather than RNA primer
C. Unidirectional rather than bidirectional replication
D. Discontinuous rather than semi discontinuous replication
 Additional Activities

Activity 1.3 How Did I Become Me?

It’s time to celebrate your unique DNA! This activity tracks your family history without taking
a DNA Test. Draw a family tree to know your inherent family connections. Shown below is an
example of a family tree with your name on the uppermost part.

YOU

Paren Paren
t t

Activity 1.4
Instruction: Watch a video on DNA replication for you to understand clearly how the whole
process is taking place. After watching the video, use any localized materials for you to
make your own replicated DNA replication model. This will enhance your creativity and
resourcefulness. Make your model an attractive one by coding the nucleotide bases with
color. You will submit this model to your teacher.

Video: (DNA Replication Model) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwc-pOsU6Pk

Lesson
Transcription of DNA
2 to RNA

What I Need to Know

Lesson 2 will help you understand how a DNA is transcribed into RNA. You might
find this topic so unfamiliar to you, but I assure you that as you go through this lesson in this
module, you will enjoy learning about it as well as it developed your curiosity how this works
in our body. It is such an amazing process taking place in every organism on earth. Let’s go
brilliant minds.

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The transcribing enzyme is called.
A. Amino acid t-amylase
B. RNA polymerase
C. DNA polymerase
D. Ligase

2. Which molecule contains the genetic code?

A. rRNA
B. tRNA
C. DNA
D. mRNA

3. Transcription occurs along a ____ template forming an mRNA in the ____ direction.
A. 5' to 3'; 5' to 3'
B. 5' to 3'; 3' to 5'
C. 3' to 5'; 5' to 3'
D. 3' to 5'; 3' to 5’

4. RNA contains which bases?

A. adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
B. adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
C. thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
D. adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

5. Which mode of information transfer usually does not occur?

A. DNA to DNA
B. DNA to RNA
C. DNA to Protein
D. All occur in a working cell
6. If the DNA template reads “ATA”, then which of the following would be the corresponding
sequence on the mRNA?
A. UAU
B. ATA
C. TUT
D. UCU

7. One similarity between DNA and messenger RNA molecules is that they both contain:
A. The same sugar.
B. Genetic code based on base sequence.
C. Nitrogenous base known as Uracil.
D. Double stranded polymers.

8. The specific site of RNA transcription from DNA is the:

A. Mitochondria
B. Cytoplasm
C. Nucleus
D. Chromosome

9. RNA is stable under alkaline conditions.

A. True
B. False
C. Depends on the condition
D. Depends on the DNA sequence

10. What is the complementary messenger-RNA sequence for the DNA template sequence
shown below?
C-A-A-G-G-T
A. GTTCCA
B. CAAGGU
C. GUUCCA
D. CAAGGT

11. A promoter site on DNA:

A. Initiates transcription
B. Regulates termination
C. Codes for RNA
D. Transcribes repressor

12. The DNA chain acting as a template for RNA synthesis has the following order of bases,
AGCTTCGA. What will be the order of bases in the mRNA?
A. TCGAAGCT
B. UGCUAGCT
 C. TCGAUCGU
D. UCGAAGCU

13. What is the main function of tRNA in relation to protein synthesis?

A. Inhibits protein synthesis
B. Proof reading
C. Identifies amino acids and transport them to ribosomes
D. All of the above

14. Which site of tRNA molecule hydrogen bonds to an mRNA molecule?

A. Codon
B. Anticodon
C. 5’ ends of the tRNA
D. 3’ ends of the tRNA

15. Sigma factor is a component of:

A. DNA ligase
B. DNA polymerase
C. RNA polymerase
D. Endonuclease

What’s In

Now that you already understand the structure and replication process of DNA, it’s
time to understand how the molecule codes for a particular organism. How does a single cell
contain a specific set of genetic material results in the development of a cat, a monkey or a
baby? To understand about this phenomenon, we need to learn about DNA Transcription
and Translation. It is a collective process in which the genetic code is read by enzymes in
order to produce the proteins in an organism.

In this lesson, you will learn how a Protein is formed from a DNA. This will allow you
to study the process transcription of DNA to RNA. You will have a broader understanding on
how the essential nutrients in our body are formed as you perform the activities and
applications as you go along in this lesson.

What’s New

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid), unlike the double stranded DNA, is a nucleic acid polymer
with a single strand. It is composed of the four nucleotides adenine, uracil (replaced
thymine in DNA), guanine and cytosine which are represented by their first letter A, U, G,
C. (The only difference with DNA is the Uracil). RNA is the first intermediate in converting the
information from the DNA into proteins which is important for proper cellular function. Below
is a short summary of the difference between DNA and RNA.
 DNA RNA
Contains the sugar ribose (ribose
Contains the sugar deoxyribose has one more -OH group than
deoxyribose)

Double-stranded molecule Single-stranded molecule

Not stable under alkaline

Stable under alkaline conditions
conditions

Acts as a messenger between

Storing and transferring genetic
DNA and ribosomes to make
information
proteins.

Uses the bases adenine, thymine, Uses adenine, uracil, cytosine,

cytosine, and guanine and guanine

Figure 5. Structure of DNA and RNA. (8)

RNA falls into three major categories: Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA
(tRNA) and Ribosomal RNA (rRNA). mRNA copies the genetic code from the DNA into a
form that can be read and used to make proteins. mRNA transmits genetic information from
the nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm. rRNA is situated in the cytoplasm of a cell, where we can
find the ribosomes. rRNA leads the translation of mRNA into proteins. tRNA transfers amino
acids to the ribosome that matches to each three-nucleotide codon of rRNA. The amino
acids then can be combined together and processed to make polypeptides and proteins.
Transcription in protein synthesis is the process where RNA is made from the DNA
by copying the base sequence of the double stranded DNA into a piece of a single stranded
nucleic acid. This transcription process is catalyzed by the enzyme RNA Polymerase.

What is It

Transcription of DNA to form RNA takes place in the cell’s nucleus. This process uses DNA
as a model to make an RNA (mRNA) molecule. During transcription, a strand of mRNA is
made that corresponds to a strand of DNA. Just like DNA replication, transcription also
occurs in three major steps: initiation, elongation and termination.

Figure 6. Transcription process in eukaryotic cells. (9)

1. Initiation
Initiation is the start of transcription. It transpires when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds
to a specific region of a gene which is called the promoter with the help of proteins called
‘transcription factors’. This signals the DNA double strand to unwind and open so the RNA
polymerase enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases found in one of the DNA strands. With the open
strands, one is considered as the template strand (anti-sense strand) and this will be used to
generate the mRNA. The other is called the non-template strand (sense strand). After
reading the bases, the RNA polymerase enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mRNA
with a complementary sequence of bases.

2. Elongation
Elongation is the adding of nucleotides to the mRNA strand. RNA polymerase reads the
opened DNA strand and forms the mRNA molecule with the use of complementary base
pairs. There is a short time during this process when the newly formed RNA is bound to the
opened DNA. During this process of elongation, an adenine (A) in the DNA binds to an uracil
(U) in the RNA. RNA polymerase does not need a primer during this process. It simply
initiates the mRNA synthesis from the starting point and then moves downstream reading
the anti-sense strand from 3’ to 5’ and generating the mRNA from the 5’ to 3’ end as it goes.
Unlike helicase enzyme in DNA replication, RNA polymerase zips DNA back up as it goes
keeping only 10-20 bases exposed one at a time.
3. Termination
Termination is the last step of the transcription process. This happens when RNA
polymerase enzyme reaches a stop or termination sequence in the gene. When the stop
sequence or stop codon is reached, the enzyme detaches from the gene. The mRNA strand
is now produced and it detaches from DNA. It carries with it the information encoded in the
gene.
By the end of transcription, the DNA segment is transcribed to form the mRNA molecule.
The template strand shown below with the sequence T-A-C-T-A-G-A-G-C-A-T-T transcribes
to form the mRNA A-U-G-A-U-C-U-C-G-U-A-A.

Figure 7. Transcription of DNA to mRNA. (10)

Remember to take note of the transcription pattern: Thymine to Adenine, Adenine to Uracil,
Cytosine to Guanine, Guanine to Cytosine. Uracil is being synthesized instead of Thymine
as compared during DNA replication.

What’s More
Activity 2.1 Transcribe your DNA to RNA.
Imagine you are a scientist in a laboratory. To safeguard the integrity and accuracy of your
synthesized protein, your job is to transcribe the identified DNA sequences to mRNA. To
perform the task better, create a summary of the nucleotide pairs during the translation
process.
Learning the Skill: Identifying the mRNA Product of DNA Transcription.
1. First, identify the nucleotides in the given DNA sequence.
2. Next, transcribe the mRNA nucleotide from the given DNA template.
3. Write the transcription using the code of each nucleotide.
Identify the correct mRNA sequence from the given DNA template sequence.

1. DNA
ATG ACT AGC TGG GGG TAT TAC TTT TAG
Coding
DNA
TAC TGA TCG ACC CCC ATA ATG AAA ATC
Template

mRNA

2. DNA
ATG GCG AGG CGG CAG CTG TTA TGG TGA
Coding
DNA
TAC CGC TCC GCC GTC GAC AAT ACC ACT
Template

mRNA

3. DNA
ATG GTG GGG GCA TAC CGA CCC TTA TAG
Coding
DNA
TAC CAC CCC CGT ATG GCT GGG AAT ATC
Template

mRNA

4. DNA
ATG AGA GGG TTT TTT ATG GTG GGG TAG
Coding
DNA
TAC TCT CCC AAA AAA TAC CAC CCC ATC
Template

mRNA

5. DNA
ATG GAG TGT GAT GCG TAC AAC CCC TAA
Coding
DNA
TAC CTC ACA CTA CGC ATG TTG GGG ATT
Template

mRNA
 What I Have Learned (Lesson Summary)

1. What do you call a nucleic acid polymer with a single strand?

2. What are the four nucleotides in the nucleic acid Item 1?
3. What are the three major categories of RNA?
4. What are the three major steps of transcription?
5. What is this step of transcription transpires when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a
specific region of a gene which is called the promoter with the help of proteins called
‘transcription factors’?
5. What do you call the transcription step where nucleotides are added to the mRNA strand?
6. What is the transcription step that happens when RNA polymerase enzyme reaches a
stop or termination sequence in the gene when the stop codon is reached?

What I Can Do

1. What are the three important events in the process of transcription? Explain each. (15
pts.)

Lesson 2: Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which molecule contains the genetic code?

A. rRNA
B. tRNA
C. DNA
D. mRNA

2. The transcribing enzyme is called.

A. Amino acid t-amylase
B. RNA polymerase
C. DNA polymerase
D. Ligase

3. Transcription occurs along a ____ template forming an mRNA in the ____ direction.
A. 5' to 3'; 5' to 3'
B. 5' to 3'; 3' to 5'
C. 3' to 5'; 5' to 3'
D. 3' to 5'; 3' to 5’

4. RNA contains which bases?

 A. adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
B. adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
C. thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
D. adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

5. If the DNA template reads “ATA”, then which of the following would be the corresponding
sequence on the mRNA?
A. UAU
B. ATA
C. TUT
D. UCU

6. Which mode of information transfer usually does not occur?

A. DNA to DNA
B. DNA to RNA
C. DNA to Protein
D. All occur in a working cell

7. One similarity between DNA and messenger RNA molecules is that they both contain:
A. The same sugar.
B. Genetic code based on base sequence.
C. Nitrogenous base known as Uracil.
D. Double stranded polymers.

8. The specific site of RNA transcription from DNA is the:

A. Mitochondria
B. Cytoplasm
C. Nucleus
D. Chromosome

9. RNA is stable under alkaline conditions.

A. True
B. False
C. Depends on the condition
D. Depends on the DNA sequence

10. What is the complementary messenger-RNA sequence for the DNA template sequence
shown below?
C-A-A-G-G-T
A. GTTCCA
B. CAAGGU
C. GUUCCA
D. CAAGGT

11. A promoter site on DNA:

 A. Initiates transcription
B. Regulates termination
C. Codes for RNA
D. Transcribes repressor

12. The DNA chain acting as a template for RNA synthesis has the following order of bases,
AGCTTCGA. What will be the order of bases in the mRNA?
A. TCGAAGCT
B. UGCUAGCT
C. TCGAUCGU
D. UCGAAGCU

13. What is the main function of tRNA in relation to protein synthesis?

A. Inhibits protein synthesis
B. Proof reading
C. Identifies amino acids and transport them to ribosomes
D. All of the above

14. Which site of tRNA molecule hydrogen bonds to an mRNA molecule?

A. Codon
B. Anticodon
C. 5’ ends of the tRNA
D. 3’ ends of the tRNA

15. Sigma factor is a component of:

A. DNA ligase
B. DNA polymerase
C. RNA polymerase
D. Endonuclease

Additional Activities

Activity 2.4 Word Search.

Word search is an activity which helps strengthen your speed in processing learned
information. To find the words better, a definition or a clue is given on the description
column. One way of finding the word is by looking at the word list and the definition provided.
Learning the Skill: Identifying Words in Context
1. First, identify the words you need to search in the Word List.
2. Read the definition to further understand the meaning and function of the given word.
3. Encircle the words once you find them.
 Lesson
Translation of RNA to Protein
3
What I Need to Know

Now that you already understand the structure, replication and transcription process
of DNA, it’s time to understand how this molecule transforms to produce proteins in an
organism. As discussed in Lesson 1, replication is the process of copying DNA sequence to
form another DNA. In Lesson 2, transcription is the process of which the information in a
strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). Now in this
Lesson, translation of mRNA to form Protein will be discussed.

Lesson 3: What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Translation occurs in the:
A. Lysosome
B. Nucleus
C. Cytoplasm
D. Nucleolus

2. During translation, proteins are synthesized by ribosomes using the information on:
A. DNA
B. mRNA
C. tRNA
D. rRNA

3. The enzyme involved in amino acid activation is:

A. ATP synthetase
B. Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
C. Aminoacyl rRNA synthetase
D. Aminoacyl mRNA synthetase

4. Which of the following is the name of the three-base sequence in the mRNA that binds to
a tRNA molecule?
A. P Site
B. Codon
C. CCA binding site
D. Anti-codon
5. During elongation in translation, to which ribosomal site does an incoming charged tRNA
molecule bind?
A. A Site
B. B Site
C. E Site
D. P Site

6. Each codon within the genetic code encodes a different amino acid.
A. True
B. False
C. Depends on the condition of the codon.
D. Depends on the genetic code.

7. Below are types of proteins except one:

A. Keratin
B. Contractile protein
C. Insulin
D. RNA

For items 8-10, identify the amino acid which results in the codon sequences below:
Underline your answer
8. UGU – ACA
9. AAG – UUC
10. CAC - GUG

11. Which is the source of energy for amino acid activation?

A. ATP
B. GTP
C. CTP
D. TTP

12. Which of the following statements is correct?

A. Termination codon has no tRNA
B. Activated amino acid binds to the 5’ end of respective tRNA molecule
C. CTP is required for amino acid activation
D. There is only one amino acid acyl-tRNA synthetase in a cell

13. Which of the following is not a requirement for protein synthesis?

A. Ribosomes
B. Peptidyl transferase
C. Spliceosome
D. Amino acid tRNA synthase

14. Translation occurs in the:

A. Lysosome
B. Nucleus
C. Cytoplasm
D. Nucleolus

15. Peptidyl transferase involved in peptide bond formation is located in the

A. 3’ region of tRNA
B. Smaller subunit of ribosome
C. Larger subunit of ribosome
D. Near Shine Dalgarno sequence
 What’s In

In this lesson, you will see a continuation process of transcription. You will learn how
a Protein is formed from a DNA and this will allow you to study the process translating the
mRNA to form a Protein. You will have a broader understanding on how the essential
nutrients in our body are formed as you perform the activities and applications as you go
along in this lesson.

What’s New

Translation is the final process of protein synthesis that takes place in the
cytoplasm. The genetic information of the DNA is used as the origin to form messenger RNA
(mRNA) by the transcription process. The single stranded mRNA then serves as a template
during translation. Ribosomes are the facilitators of the translation process in the cytoplasm.
Ribosomes induce the binding of complimentary transfer RNA (tRNA) anticodon sequences
to the mRNA. The tRNAs contain particular amino acids linked together by the ribosome.
During translation, the mRNA sequence is decoded to produce a specific amino acid chain
called the polypeptide. Folding of the polypeptide produces an active protein which is able to
perform important functions within the cell.

What is It

Protein Structure. Proteins may generally have globular or fibrous structure depending on
its particular role in the bodily functions. Globular proteins are spherical, compact and
soluble. Fibrous proteins are elongated and insoluble. However, these two structure types
may exhibit one or more types of protein structures.
 Figure 7. An illustration of fibrous and globular protein. (11)

The protein building block is the amino acid. Amino acids combine through a dehydration
link called a peptide bond. When several groups of amino acids are joined together, a
protein macromolecule is formed. This is why proteins are considered as polymers of amino
acids. Proteins are typically made of a chain of 20 amino acids. The human body makes any
protein it needs by using a combination of these 20 amino acids. Most amino acids have a
structural template where an alpha carbon is bonded to the following forms:
*A hydrogen atom (H)
*A carboxyl group (-COOH)
*An amino group (-NH2)
*A “variable” group

The “variable” group is most responsible for difference as all of them have hydrogen,
carboxyl group, and amino group bonds. Amino acids are linked through dehydration
synthesis peptide bonds are formed. Amino acids linked together by polypeptide bonds
forms a polypeptide chain. When polypeptide chains are twisted, a 3-D shape forms a
protein.
Figure 8. A guide to 20 common amino acids. (12)
 These amino acids are grouped as: essential and non-essential. Non-essential amino
acids are those which the human body is capable of synthesizing, whereas essential amino
acids must be obtained from the diet.
Essential Non-Essential
Symbol Symbol
Amino Acids Amino Acids
histidine His alanine Ala
isoleucine Ile arginine Arg
leucine Leu asparagine Asn
lysine Lys aspartic acid Asp
methionine Met cysteine Cys
phenylalanine Phe glutamic acid Glu
threonine Thr glutamine Gln
tryptophan Trp glycine Gly
valine Val proline Pro
serine Ser
tyrosine Tyr
Since the proteins formed by amino acids are incredibly huge and bulky molecules, it is very
time consuming and difficult to draw out their chemical structure in similar way we draw
smaller molecules. The common amino acids that make up proteins are given codes that
represent them as shown in the table above. This makes describing the molecules so much
easier.
Proteins are synthesized in the human body through a process called translation.
Translation occurs in the cytoplasm and involves converting genetic codes into proteins.
Genetic codes are assembled during DNA transcription, where DNA is decoded into RNA.
Cell structures called ribosomes then help transcribe RNA into polypeptide chains that need
to be modified to become functioning proteins. (13)

Figure 9. Translation of mRNA to form a polypeptide chain of protein. (10)

The key components required for translation are mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, and aminoacyl
tRNA synthetases. These four structures are briefly explained below: (14)
*Ribosome
The ribosome is a complex organelle, present in the cytoplasm, which serves as the site of
action for protein synthesis. It provides the enzymes needed for peptide bond formation. The
nucleotide sequence in mRNA is recognized in triplets, called codons. The ribosome moves
along the single strand mRNA, and when a complimentary codon sequence belonging to
amino acid bearing tRNA bonds with the mRNA, the amino acid is added to the chain.
The mRNA possesses a stop codon, a sequence of three nucleotides that indicates that
translation is complete. Upon reaching the stop codon, the ribosome ceases translation and
releases the mRNA and newly generated polypeptide.
*Messenger RNA (mRNA)
mRNA is used to convey information from DNA to the ribosome. It is a single strand
molecule, complimentary to the DNA template, and is generated through transcription.
Strands of mRNA are made up of codons, each of which signifies a particular amino acid to
be added to the polypeptide in a certain order. mRNA must interact with ribosomal RNA
(rRNA), the central component of ribosomal machinery that recognizes the start and stop
codons of mRNA, and transfer RNA (tRNA), which provides the amino acid once bound with
a complimentary mRNA codon.
*Transfer RNA (tRNA)
This is a single strand of RNA composed of approximately 80 ribonucleotides. Each tRNA is
read as a ribonucleotide triplet called an anticodon that is complementary to an mRNA
codon. tRNA carry a particular amino acid, which is added to the growing polypeptide chain
if complimentary codons bond.
*Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases
These are enzymes that link each amino acid to their corresponding tRNA with the help of a
two-step process. Each amino acid has a unique synthetase and the active site of each
enzyme fits only one specific combination of the amino acid and tRNA. (14)

There are three major steps in translation: initiation, elongation, and termination. These
steps are briefly discussed below: (14)
1. Initiation
After mRNA is formed in the nucleus, it leaves and moves to the cytoplasm where it finds the
ribosome. Small ribosomal subunits then bind to mRNA. The initiator tRNA which is
equipped with the anticodon (UAC) also binds to the start codon (AUG) of the mRNA. Let us
say we have the mRNA codon AUG-UGC-AAG-UCC-GGA-CAG, the tRNA anticodon would
be UAC-ACG-UUC-AGG-CCU-GUC. The resulting large complex forms a complete
ribosome and initiates protein synthesis. Each different tRNA is covalently linked to a
particular amino acid.
2. Elongation
Following initiation, a new tRNA-amino acid complex enters the codon next to the AUG
codon. If the anticodon of the new tRNA matches the mRNA codon, base pairing occurs and
the two amino acids are linked by the ribosome through a peptide bond.
If the anticodon does not match the codon, base pairing cannot happen and the tRNA is
rejected. Then, the ribosome moves one codon forward making space for a new tRNA-
amino acid complex to enter. This process is repeated several times until the entire
polypeptide has been translated.
3. Termination
As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, it encounters one of the three stop codons for
which there is no corresponding tRNA. Terminator proteins present at the stop codon bind to
the ribosome and trigger the release of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain. The
ribosome then disengages from the mRNA. On release from the mRNA, the small and large
subunits of the ribosome dissociate and prepare for the next round of translation. The
polypeptide chains produced during translation undergo some post-translational
modifications, such as folding, before becoming a fully active protein. (14)

Figure 10. A diagram showing the translation process for eukaryotic cells. (15)

Below is a chart of all the mRNA codons and the amino acids they code for. Decoding
codons is a task made simple because of the codon chart. Just start at the center of the
chart for the first letter. Move to the outside next ring for the second letter and finally, find the
final letter among the smallest set of letters in the third ring. Then you can read the amino
acid in that sector.
 Figure 11. Codon Chart. (16)

To decode the codon for CAC, find the first letter C in the set of bases at the center of the
circle. Then find the letter A in the second ring, then C in the third ring. There, you will read
the amino acid in this sector as Histidine. Some of these codons are special. AUG is the
start codon which initiates translation by coding for Methionine. And these three are stop
codons: UAA, UAG and UGA. These are the ones that terminate translation.

What’s More

Activity 3.1 Translate your mRNA to Protein.

In Activity 2.1, you have transcribed your mRNA from the given DNA template sequence. In
this activity, it’s time to translate your mRNA to amino acids. To perform the task, you need
to use the codon chart in Figure 11. Also take note of the start and stop codons.
Identify the correct tRNA sequence and amino acid from your identified mRNA
sequence from Activity 2.1

1. DNA
ATG ACT AGC TGG GGG TAT TAC TTT TAG
Coding
DNA
TAC TGA TCG ACC CCC ATA ATG AAA ATC
Template

mRNA

tRNA

Amino
Acid

2. DNA
ATG GCG AGG CGG CAG CTG TTA TGG TGA
Coding
DNA
TAC CGC TCC GCC GTC GAC AAT ACC ACT
Template

mRNA

tRNA

Amino
Acid

3. DNA
ATG GTG GGG GCA TAC CGA CCC TTA TAG
Coding
DNA
TAC CAC CCC CGT ATG GCT GGG AAT ATC
Template

mRNA

tRNA

Amino
Acid

4. DNA
ATG AGA GGG TTT TTT ATG GTG GGG TAG
Coding
DNA
TAC TCT CCC AAA AAA TAC CAC CCC ATC
Template

mRNA

tRNA

Amino
Acid
 5. DNA
ATG GAG TGT GAT GCG TAC AAC CCC TAA
Coding
DNA
TAC CTC ACA CTA CGC ATG TTG GGG ATT
Template

mRNA

tRNA

Amino
Acid

Activity 3.2 Decoding DNA Segment

Objective:
Apply the concept of protein synthesis through the amino acids coded for the mRNA
codon using the genetic code.

Materials:
Pen
Crayons
Activity sheet: Decoding DNA segment

Procedure:
1. Study the given scenario (see attached activity) and study the profile of the suspects and
additional information.
2. Using your knowledge about DNA and RNA base-pairing, decode the DNA sample in
order to identify the sequence of amino acids. Use the amino acid identifier chart as your
reference.
3. Compare the sequence of amino acids (proteins) to the profile of the suspects and
additional information given in order to determine the corresponding traits.
4. Name the culprit using the data or information you got. 5. Using the pencil and crayons
make a cartographic sketch of the suspect.

Q1. What amino acids sequences did you get upon decoding the genes?

Nose Hair
Shape of Eyes
Lips
Ear Attachment
Type of Hair

Q2. What are the traits of the culprit based on your data?
Q3. Who among the suspects matches with the sequence of amino acids (proteins) you got?
Q4. Draw the possible appearance of the culprit.
 DECODING DNA SEGMENT
An intruder razed the science laboratory of a Junior High School. The school is in
chaos. The school administrators and teachers demanded to know the culprit. They have to
identify the culprit and do it fast. They had three suspects namely Rudy Tee, Von Go and
Rambo Tan. As a forensic expert, your mission is to identify the intruder using the profile of
the suspects and other information taken from the laboratory:
THE PROFILE OF THE SUSPECTS
1. Rudy Tee (Suspect 1)
 Flunked physics class three times
 With long nose hair,
 Oval eyes
 Full lips
 Attached ear lobe
 Straight hair

2. Von Go (Suspect 2)
 His investigative project is about the potential applications of nuclear fusion in
generating energy.
 Short nose hair
 Chinky eyes
 Full lips
 Free earlobe
 Curly hair

3. Rambo Tan (Suspect 3)

 Suspended for a week by the Disciplinary Committee for repeated tardiness.

 Short nose hair

 Oval eyes
 Harelip
 Attached earlobe
 Wavy hair

Additional Information:
Below are the specific amino acid sequences for specific trait.

1. Nose Hair Sequence

Short ----- phe-lys
Long ----- leu-lys
2. Shape of Eyes
Oval ----- val-ala-ala
Chinky ----- val-ala-val
3. Lips
Full Lips ----- phe- glu-ala
Harelip ----- phe-lys-ala
 4. Ear Attachment
Free Earlobe ----- thre- tyr-ser
Attached ----- leu-arg-gly
5. Type of Hair
Straight ----- lys-glu
Wavy ----- phe-ala
Curly ----- glu-phe

THE DNA CODE OF THE SUSPECT A fresh DNA sample was obtained from the
laboratory; believe to have been left by the suspect. Using the DNA sequences, the following
nucleotide sequence was obtained:
SUSPECT:
TAC-AAA-TTT-ATC-TAC-AAA-CTT-CGT-ATC-TAC-CAT-CGT-CAT-ATT-TAC-TGG-ATA-
TCG-ATC-TAC-CTT-AAA-ATC
Complementary base pairs: DNA is represented by nitrogen bases that are read in
groups of threes. To decode, use the DNA as a blueprint to produce mRNA. Then use the
mRNA as blueprint to produce the linear sequence of tRNA. A specific nitrogen base in the
DNA pairs up with a specific nitrogen base in the mRNA, and a specific nitrogen base in the
mRNA pairs up with a specific nitrogen base in the tRNA. Breaking the Code:
Complete the data table below:

DNA Triplet Code mRNA tRNA Amino Acid

TAC
AAA
TTT
ATC
TAC
AAA
CTT
CGT
ATC
TAC
CAT
CGT
CAT
ATT
TAC
TGG
ATA
TCG
 ATC
TAC
CTT
AAA
ATC

Characteristics and traits of the suspect based on the DNA code.

1. Nose Hair
2. Eyes
3. Lips
4. Ear Attachment
5. Type of Hair

Name and Draw the cartographic sketch of the suspect:

What I Have Learned (Lesson Summary)

1. What is the final process of protein synthesis that takes place in the cytoplasm?
2. What essential macromolecule determines how our bodies look and function?
3. What are the seven types of protein classification?
4. What are the two general protein structures which depend on its particular role in the
bodily functions?
5. What are the four structural levels of proteins which determine its shape and function?
6. What are the key components required for translation?
7. What do you call the translation step that starts after mRNA is formed in the nucleus and
leaves and moves to the cytoplasm where it finds the ribosome?
8. What translation step is described as follows? A new tRNA-amino acid complex enters the
codon next to the AUG codon. If the anticodon of the new tRNA matches the mRNA codon,
base pairing occurs and the two amino acids are linked by the ribosome through a peptide
bond.
9. What translation step is described as follows? As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, it
encounters one of the three stop codons for which there is no corresponding tRNA.
Terminator proteins present at the stop codon bind to the ribosome and trigger the release of
the newly synthesized polypeptide chain resulting to folding and becoming a fully active
protein.
 What I Can Do

1. Describe the importance of the knowledge you learned in this lesson in solving crimes. (10
pts.)
2. Explain the importance of DNA testing. (5 pts.)

Lesson 3: Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. During translation, proteins are synthesized by ribosomes using the information on:
A. DNA B. mRNA C. tRNA D. rRNA

2. Translation occurs in the:

A. Lysosome
B. Nucleus
C. Cytoplasm
D. Nucleolus

3. The enzyme involved in amino acid activation is:

A. ATP synthetase
B. Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
C. Aminoacyl rRNA synthetase
D. Aminoacyl mRNA synthetase

4. Which of the following is the name of the three-base sequence in the mRNA that binds to
a tRNA molecule?
A. P Site
B. Codon
C. CCA binding site
D. Anti-codon

5. Each codon within the genetic code encodes a different amino acid.
A. True
B. False
C. Depends on the condition of the codon.
D. Depends on the genetic code.

6. During elongation in translation, to which ribosomal site does an incoming charged tRNA
molecule bind?
A. a. A Site
B. b. B Site
C. c. E Site
D. d. P Site
7. Below are types of proteins except one:
A. Keratin
B. Contractile protein
C. Insulin
D. RNA

For items 8-10. Identify the amino acid which results in the codon sequences below:
8. UGU – ACA
9. AAG – UUC
10. CAC - GUG

11. Which is the source of energy for amino acid activation?

A. ATP
B. GTP
C. CTP
D. TTP

12. Which of the following statements is correct?

A. Termination codon has no tRNA
B. Activated amino acid binds to the 5’ end of respective tRNA molecule
C. CTP is required for amino acid activation
D. There is only one amino acid acyl-tRNA synthetase in a cell

13. Which of the following is not a requirement for protein synthesis?

A. Ribosomes
B. Peptidyl transferase
C. Spliceosome
D. Amino acid tRNA synthase

14. Translation occurs in the:

A. Lysosome
B. Nucleus
C. Cytoplasm
D. Nucleolus

15. Peptidyl transferase involved in peptide bond formation is located in the

A. 3’ region of tRNA
B. Smaller subunit of ribosome
C. Larger subunit of ribosome
D. Near Shine Dalgarno sequence
 Additional Activities

Activity 3.4 Concept Map

A concept map is a visual organizer that can enrich your understanding of a learned
concept. In this activity, you are free to create a concept map on what you have learned from
Lesson 1, 2 and 3. See below concept map as an example:
Your concept map will be rated using the following rubrics:
 Assessment (Unit Test)

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Protein synthesis refers to the:
A. process of formation of amino acids from mRNA
B. process of formation of amino acids directly from a DNA template
C. process of formation of mRNA from DNA template
D. process of duplicating DNA required for protein synthesis

2. When DNA replication starts,

A. The phosphodiester bonds between the adjacent nucleotides break
B. The bonds between the nitrogen base and deoxyribose sugar break
C. The leading strand produces Okazaki fragments
D. The hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides of two strand break

3. During DNA replication, the synthesis of DNA on the laggings strand takes place in
segments, these segments are called.
A. Satellite segments
B. Double helix segments
C. Kornberg segments
D. Okazaki segments

4. True replication of DNA is possible due to:

A. Hydrogen bonding
B. Phosphate backbone
C. Complementary base pairs
D. None of the above

5. Eukaryotes differ from prokaryote in the mechanism of DNA replication due to:
A. Different enzyme for synthesis of leading and lagging strand
B. Use of DNA primer rather than RNA primer
C. Unidirectional rather than bidirectional replication
D. Discontinuous rather than semi discontinuous replication

6. If the DNA template reads “ATA”, then which of the following would be the corresponding
sequence on the mRNA?
A. UAU
B. ATA
C. TUT
D. UCU

7. One similarity between DNA and messenger RNA molecules is that they both contain:
A. The same sugar.
B. Genetic code based on base sequence.
C. Nitrogenous base known as Uracil.
D. Double stranded polymers.

8. The specific site of RNA transcription from DNA is the:

A. Mitochondria
B. Cytoplasm
 C. Nucleus
D. Chromosome

9. RNA is stable under alkaline conditions.

A. True
B. False
C. Depends on the condition
D. Depends on the DNA sequence

10. What is the complementary messenger-RNA sequence for the DNA template sequence
shown below?
C-A-A-G-G-T
A. GTTCCA
B. CAAGGU
C. GUUCCA
D. CAAGGT

11. Translation occurs in the:

A. Lysosome
B. Nucleus
C. Cytoplasm
D. Nucleolus

12. During translation, proteins are synthesized by ribosomes using the information on:
A. DNA
B. mRNA
C. tRNA
D. rRNA

13. The enzyme involved in amino acid activation is:

A. ATP synthetase
B. Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
C. Aminoacyl rRNA synthetase
D. Aminoacyl mRNA synthetase

14. Which of the following is the name of the three-base sequence in the mRNA that binds to
a tRNA molecule?
A. P Site
B. Codon
C. CCA binding site
D. Anti-codon

15. During elongation in translation, to which ribosomal site does an incoming charged tRNA
molecule bind?
A. A Site
B. B Site
C. E Site
D. P Site
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E-mail Address: bukidnon@deped.gov.ph