SHRI GURU GOBIND SINGHJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHONOLOGY

Vishnupuri, Nanded MS INDIA

ISE EXAMINATION – II Answer Key

Course Name with Code: Basic Electronics (PCC- EC/EL/IN 102; PCC-EC 103; ESC 104)

Academic Year 2025-26 (Semester - I)

Q.1 Plot the output waveform for the given circuit.

5V D
Vin
+ 10V

0 t Vin Vo
R

- 10V

For any value of Vin > 5V, the ideal diode is forward biased and VO = Vin – 5V.
Given that Vin = 10V. Therefore, output voltage VO = 10V – 5V = 5V as shown in figure A.
Similarly, for any value of Vin < 5V, the ideal diode is reversed biased and circuit current is
0 and hence Vo = 0V as shown in figure B.

5V D 5V D

Vin = +10V R V Vin = -10V

R V
o o

Figure A: when Vin > 5V Figure B: when Vin < 5V

Final Output Waveform:

+5V

0V t

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Q.2 Sketch the output waveform for the given circuit.

Vi

+10
n Vin
D RL
T/2 T
0
t Vo

-10 2V

During the positive half cycle of the input signal, the diode is forward biased. The above
network will appear as shown in figure A. It is clear that Vo = +2V. Now, Applying Kirchoff’s Voltage
Law (KVL) to the input loop in figure A, we have,

C
10V - VC – 2V = 0
VC Therefore, VC = 8V
RL Here, Capacitor will charge up to
10 V D
8 volts.
Vo
2V

Figure A
During the negative half cycle of the input signal, the diode is revered biased and will
behave as an open circuit as shown in figure B. In this case battery of 2V has no effect on Vo.
Applying Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law to the outside loop of figure B, we have,

-10V – 8V – Vo = 0
Therefore, Vo = -18V Vc = 8V
Vo RL
10 V
The negative sign shows that
Vo

the polarity of 18V is opposite to 2V

the polarity defined for Vo. + -

Figure B

Note:
It is Biased Clamper Circuit. It allows a waveform to be shifted above or below.

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The clamped output is as shown in figure C.

Vo
n
+2V

t
0

-18V

Figure C

Q.3 Explain common base configuration (CB) with neat diagram and their i/p and o/p
Characteristics.

A transistor is also called as bipolar junction transistor or simply BJT. It is called as bipolar
as only two types of charge carriers, i.e. majority charge carriers and minority charge carriers are
required to perform the operations on transistor. There are three leads in a transistor viz.,
Emitter, Base and Collector. To connect a transistor in a circuit, we required four terminals; two
for input and two for the output. This difficulty is overcome by making one terminal of the
transistor common to both input and output terminals. The input is fed between this common
terminal and one of the other two terminals.
In common base arrangement, input is applied between Emitter and Base and output is
taken from Collector and Base. Hence, Base of the transistor is common for both input and the
output. Hence, it is called Common Base Connection.

OR

Figure A Figure B

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Figure A shows a common base P-N-P transistor circuit and figure B shows N-P-N common base
transistor circuit. In both circuits, input section, Emitter-Base junction is forward biasd whereas
Collector-Base junction is revered biasd. Input is given to Emitter and output is taken from the
collector. Base terminal is common for both input and output.
Current amplification factor (α):
It is the ratio of output current to input current. In common base connection, input
current is Emitter current ( IE ) and output current is Collector current ( IC ).

i.e. α = Δ IC / Δ IE at constant collector-base voltage VCB.

Input Characteristics:

It is the curve between Emitter current (IE) and Emitter-Base voltage (VEB) at constant Collector-
Base voltage (VCB). The Emitter current (IE) increases rapidly with small increase in Emitter-Base
voltage VEB. It means input resistance is very small.
The Emitter current is almost independent of Collector-Base voltage (VCB). This leads to
conclusion that Emitter current (IE) is almost independent of Collector voltage.

Output Characteristics:

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From above,
The Collector current (IC) varies with VCB only at low voltages (<1V). the transistor never
operated in this region. When the value of VCB is raised above 1-2V, the collector current becomes
constant as indicated by straight horizontal curves. It means IC is independent of VCB and
depends on IE only. A large change in Collector-Base voltage produces only a tiny change in
Collector current (IC).

Q.4 Write a note on Zener diode.

A Zener diode is a special type of semiconductor diode designed to conduct in the reverse
direction when a specific breakdown voltage is reached.

In forward bias, it behaves like a normal diode. Unlike regular diodes, Zener diodes are
meant to operate in reverse bias. In reverse bias, , it remains non-conductive until the breakdown
voltage is reached, after which it conducts with minimal change in voltage. They allow current to
flow backward once the applied voltage exceeds a certain threshold called the Zener breakdown
voltage.

Figure A: Symbol of Zener Diode

Figure B: V-I characteristics of Zener Diode

It is a heavily doped p-n junction diode, which lowers the breakdown voltage and ensures
sharp breakdown characteristics.
Applications:
• Voltage regulation in power supplies
• Surge protection
• Reference elements in circuits
• Waveform clipping and shaping
• Reference elements in circuits
• Waveform clipping and shaping

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