CHAOS COMMUNICATION

Iftikhar Alam
94091 ECE 6(B)

Rezaul Islam
94107 ECE 6(B)

Baharul Islam
94108 ECE6(B)

Dipankar Saha
94080 ECE6(B)

AbstractIn chaos-based digital communication systems, a correlator is normally used in the coherent detection of the signal. A chaos-based digital communication system with one chaos generator has been used to exemplify the performance of the design. The design can be extended to systems with multiple generators, where the generators can be different or identical but with different initial conditions. The theoretical symbol error rate (SER) of the system under a noisy environment is derived. Simulations are also carried out to verify the theoretical SER. Finally, the results are compared with those obtained from systems using suboptimum receivers, and those from a conventional amplitudeshift-keying system.

I. Introduction Chaos communications is an application of chaos theory which is aimed to provide security in the transmission of information performed through telecommunications technologies. By secure communications, one has to understand that the contents of the message transmitted are inaccessible to possible eavesdroppers.In chaos communications security (i.e., privacy) is based on the complex dynamic behaviors provided by chaotic systems. Some properties of chaotic dynamics, such as complex behaviour, noise-like dynamics (pseudorandom noise) and spread spectrum, are used to encode data. On the other hand, being chaos a deterministic phenomenon, it is possible to decode data using this determinism. In practice, implementations of chaos communications devices resort to one of two chaotic phenomena: synchronization of chaos, or control of chaos.To implement chaos communications using such properties of chaos, two chaotic oscillators are required as a transmitter (or master) and receiver (or slave). At the transmitter, a message is added on to a chaotic signal and then, the message is masked in the chaotic signal. As it carries the information, the chaotic signal is also called chaotic carrier. Synchronizing of these oscillators is similar to synchronizing random neural nets in neural cryptography. A. The denition of Chaos There is no universally agreed denition of chaos. However, most people would accept the following working denition: Chaos is aperiodic time-asymptotic behaviour in a deterministic system which exhibitssensitive dependence on initial conditions. This denition contains three main elements: 1) 1. Aperiodic time-asymptotic behaviour -This implies the existence of phase-space trajectories which do not settle down to xed points or periodic orbits. For practical reasons, we insist that these trajectories are not too rare. We also require the trajectories to be bounded.
Fig. 1. Chaos in Digital Communication

2) 2. Deterministic-This implies that the equations of motion of the system possess no random inputs. In other words, the irregular behaviour of the system arises from non-linear dynamics and not from noisy driving forces. 3) 3. Sensitive dependence on initial conditions-This implies that nearby trajectories in phase-space separate exponentially fast in time:i.e. , the system has a positive Liapunov exponent B. Systems involve in Chaotic communication All systems can be basically divided into three types: 1) a. Deterministic systems: These are systems for which for a given set of conditions the result can be predicted and the output does not vary much with change in initial condition 2) b. Stochastic systems: These systems, which are not as reliable as deterministic systems.Their output can be predicted only for a certain range of values 3) c. Chaotic systems:Chaotic systems are the most unpredictable of the three systems.Moreover they are very sensitive to initial conditions and a small change in initial conditions can bring about a great change in its output. C. Chaos control Chaos control refers to the situation where chaotic dynamics is weakened or eliminated by appropriate controls; while anticontrol of chaos means that chaos is created, maintained, or enhanced when it is healthy and useful. Both control and anticontrol of chaos can be accomplished via some conventional

and nonconventional methods such as microscopic parameter perturbation, bifurcation monitoring, entropy reduction, state pinning, phase delay, and various feedback and adaptive controls.It has been shown that the sensitivity of chaotic systems to small perturbations can be used to direct system trajectories to a desired target quickly with very low and ideally minimum control energy. D. Characteristics of Chaos signals 1) Chaotic signals has broadband spectrum , hence the presence of information does not necessarily change the properties of the signal. 2) Power output remains constant regardless of information content. 3) It is resistant against multipath fading and offers cheaper solution to traditional spread spectrum systems. 4) Chaotic signals are a periodic therefore limited predictability. 5) Chaotic signals are complex in structure and impossible to predict over long time. 6) chaotic signals appear like noise. 7) Hence chaotic signal can be used for providing security at physical level E. Chaotic-shift keying offers secure communication 1) The chaos demonstrate both the security and ease of decoding of one class of the emerging chaotic-shift keying (CSK) systems, and the applicability of the other to a wide range of systems. 2) Chaotic-shift keying uses uctuations in wavelength to encode and hide a communications signal. 3) To change from one bit value to another (1 to 0 or vice versa) the chaotic mechanism is altered slightly. Because the output is still chaotic, an eavesdropper should not see any change in the transmission. 4) However, the receiver detects that the chaos is sometimes synchronized, sometimes not, allowing the signal to be extracted. F. A simple chaos system in baseband The block diagram of this scheme is shown in Fig.B. From Fig.B we can see that this chaotic secure communication system consists of a transmitter and a receiver. In both the transmitter and the receiver, there exist two identical chaotic systems. Also, two identical conventional cryptographic schemes are embedded in both the transmitter and the receiver.The transmitted signal consists of a sequence of time frames. Every frame has a length of T seconds and consists of two regions.In Fig. C we show the concept of a time frame and its components. The rst region of the time frame is a synchronization region consisting of synchronization impulses. The synchronization impulses are used to impulsively synchronize the chaotic systems in both transmitter and receiver. The second region is the scrambled signal region where the scrambled signal is contained. To ensure synchronization, we have Tmax. Within every time frame, the synchronization
Fig. 2. Block diagram of the impulsive synchronization based chaotic secure communication

Fig. 3.

Time frame

region has a length of Q and the remaining time interval T Q is the scrambled signal region. The composition block in Fig. B is used to combine the synchronization impulses and the scrambled signal into the time frame structure shown in Fig. C.The simplest combination method is to substitute the beginning Q seconds of every time frame with synchronization impulses. Since Q is usually very small compared with T, the processing time for packing a message signal is negligible.The decomposition block is used to separate the synchronization region and the scrambled signal region within each frame at the receiver end. Then the separated synchronization impulses are used to make the chaotic system in the receiver to synchronize with that in the transmitter. The stability of this impulsive synchronization is guaranteed by our results in Section 4. In the transmitter and the receiver, we use the same cryptographic scheme block for purposes of bi-directional communication.Here, the key signal is generated by the chaotic system. G. Comparison of Analog and Digital CHAOS SYNCHRONIZATION In this section, we present experimental results comparing digital and analog transmission of the chaotic signal.Results are presented for three experiments. In the rst, we compare the synchronization error for analog and digital transmission of a signal with a zero modulation signal. In the second, we demonstrate that it is possible to use this system to transmit information.In the third, we show that digitization of the analog output signal.It does not provide the same benet as direct transmission of the digital output signal. 1) Analog versus digital transmission: The synchronization error for analog and digital transmission is presented in Fig. 4. When using nonlinearity A the average synchronization error for analog transmission is approximately -12 dB. By contrast, the results for digital transmission show a synchronization error of less than -30 dB over the measurement bandwidth. This is an improvement of approximately 18 dB over the analog transmission system when using nonlinearity A.When using nonlinearity B, the synchronization error for analog transmission is approximately -1 dB, indicating that there is effectively no chaos synchronization under these circumstances.Clearly it is difcult to construct a communications system with such poor performance. As an indication of the robustness afforded by digital transmission, the communications system was able to synchronize with a synchronization error of less than -29 dB over the measurement bandwidth,a 28 dB improvement over analog transmission. The results presented in this section demonstrate that a signicantly greater level of synchronization can be achieved by using digital rather than analog transmission, and that synchronization may be achieved using digital transmission even under conditions where no useful level of synchronization is achieved using analog transmission. It can also be seen that, while the performance of analog transmission is signicantly worse with nonlinearity B (more chaotic) than for nonlinearity A (less chaotic), the performance of the digital transmission is essentially the same

Fig. 4. Synchronization error for analog and digital transmission. The lefthand plot shows synchronization error for nonlinearity A and the right-hand plot is for nonlinearity B. Synchronization is much more robust to noise with digital transmission.

Fig. 5. Signal-to-noise ratio with small message and digital transmission. The upper trace shows a measurement of the power spectrum of the transmitted chaotic waveform. The lower trace shows a measurement of the power spectrum of the difference waveform. The 20 kHz chaos modulation signal is clearly observed in the synchronized trace.

I. Applications 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Used Used Used Used Used Used in in in in in in secure communication. Ultra Wide Band radio. radar andsonar. oscillator modulation technique spread spectrum

J. Conclusion A very brief overview on Chaotic Communication has been described, explaining the system setup of synchronised chaotic communication chaotic and direct communication with comparison to traditional communication system setup. A few of the main chaotic modulating schemes have been described. The majority of the research carried out sofar proves that chaotic communication system has quite a number of advantages over traditional communication. Every technology has its own advantages and disadvantages. We also had an over view of history of chaotic secure communications. R EFERENCES
[1] G. Kolumban, Performance evaluation of chaotic communications systems: Determination of low-pass equivalent model,Proceedings, 6th International Specialist Workshop on Nonlinear Dynamics of Electronics Systems (NDES 98), Budapest, Hungary, July 1998, pp 4151. [2] M. Sushchik, N. Rulkov, L. Larson, L. Tsimrin, H. Abarbanel, K. Yao, and A. Volkovskii, Chaotic pulse position modulation:a robust method of communicating with chaos, IEEE Communications Letters, Vol. 4, April 2000, pp. 128130.

Fig. 6. Synchronization error in an externally sampled digital transmission system. The upper trace is for ve-bit external sampling and the lower trace is for eight-bit external sampling.

in the two cases. 2) Chaotic modulation with digital transmission: The digital transmission of chaotic signals in our hybrid analog/digital chaos generator has been shown to give synchronization errors of less than -30 dB. The improved synchronization achieved by the digital transmission of the chaotic waveform greatly improves the transmission quality of both analog or digital chaos modulation techniques. To illustrate the quality of transmission, a chaos modulation communications system utilizing nonlinearity B and digital transmission was constructed. A modulation was added to the system, in this case a 20 kHz tone. The transmitted signal as shown in the upper trace of Fig. 5 and the synchronized trace is the lower trace Fig. 5. The graph shows that the digital chaotic communications system can transmit chaos modulation signals with a signal to noise ratio of greater than 30 dB. H. Advantages over traditional methods 1) At high speed it is easier to generate strong , high power chaotic signals than periodic signals. 2) Chaoticsignalsarenotsensitivetoinitialconditionsandhave noise like time series. 3) Chaotictransmissionhaslessrisksofinterceptionandarehardtodetectby eavesdropper. 4) Chaoticcommunicationsystemscanfunctionoveralarger dynamicalrange and operate athigher power levels thantraditional communication systems .