BASIC THERMODYNAMICS
LESSON 2
ENERGY CONCEPTS
1. Steam at 1000 lbf/ft2 pressure and 300oR has specific volume of 6.5 ft3/lbm and a specific enthalpy of 9800
ft-lbf/lbm. Find the internal energy per pound mass of steam.
The relationship between specific enthalpy, internal
energy, pressure, and specific volume is:
ℎ =𝑢+𝑃⋅𝑣
This lets us solve for internal energy as:
𝑢 =ℎ−𝑃⋅𝑣
Calculation
•Given: ℎ = 9800 ft−lbf/lbm, 𝑃 = 1000 lbf/ft2 ,𝑣 = 6.5 ft3 /lbm.
•Compute flow work:
lbf ft3 ft−lbf
𝑃 ⋅ 𝑣 = 1000 2 ⋅ 6.5 = 6500
ft lbm lbm
•Internal energy:
ft−lbf
𝑢 = 9800 − 6500 = 3300
lbm
2. Calculate the quantity of heat in kJ to be transfers to 2.25kg of brass to raise its temperature from 20oC to
240oC taking the specific heat of the brass as 0.394 KJ/kg.K.
The heat required is given by:
𝑄 = 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑐 ⋅ Δ𝑇
Where:
•𝑚= mass of brass (kg)
•𝑐= specific heat capacity (kJ/kg·K)
•Δ𝑇= temperature rise (K or °C, same difference for changes)
Given values
𝑚 = 2.25 kg
𝑐 = 0.394 kJ/(kg-K)
Initial temperature 𝑇𝑖 = 20∘ 𝐶
Final temperature 𝑇𝑓 = 240∘ 𝐶
Temperature change:
Δ𝑇 = 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 = 240 − 20 = 220 C
𝑄 = 2.25 ⋅ 0.394 ⋅ 220
𝑄 = 195.255 kJ
1. During a steady flow process, the pressure of the working substance drops from 200 to 20 psia, the speed
increases from 200 to 1000 fps, the internal energy of the open system decreases 25 Btu/lb, and the
specific volume increases from 1 to 8 ft3/lb. No heat is transferred. Determine the work per pound. Is it done
or by the substance? Determine the work in hp for 10 lb per min.
2. Steam is supplied to a fully loaded 100-hp turbine at 200 psia with u1=1163 Btu/lb, v1=2.63 ft3/lb and
v1=400 fps. Exhaust is at 1 psia with u2=925 [Link], v2=294 ft3/lb and v2=1100 fps. The heat loss from the
steam in the turbine is 10 Btu/lb. Neglect potential energy change and determine:
a. the work per lb steam
b. the seam flow rate in lb/hr.
Final answers:
•Work per lb: 250 Btu/lb (by the steam).
•Flow rate for 100 hp: 1.02×10³ lb/hr (≈16.97 lb/min)
