Prof: Iran Pites de Liz - 2nd mode.

Electrical Engineering

Symbols of the main electronic components

See below the symbols of other components that are not in the table:

Battery Fuse Key

HIGH CIRCUIT LAND OR
INTEGRATED SPEAKER MASS
(CI or IC)

Exercise 01
Below we see the vertical circuit of a television. Each component has a
Label each component next to the circuit:

A - ______________________________
B - ______________________________
C - ______________________________
D - ______________________________
E - ______________________________
F - ______________________________
G - ______________________________
H - ______________________________

3 - Current - Voltage - Electrical Resistance

a - Electric current (I) - It is the ordered movement
of electric charges. The unit of measurement of the current
Electric current is measured in AMPERES (A). However, many circuits
Electronics work with currents lower than 1 A.
Neste caso usamos o MILIAMPÈRE (mA) e o
MICROAMPERE (µA). 1 mA = 0.001 A and 1 µA =
0.000001 A.
b - Electric voltage (V) - It is the difference in charges
between the poles of the battery next to it. The electric tension is measured in VOLT (V). The tension
acts as a force that allows the electric current to flow through the circuit. The voltage of the
The battery is 1.5 V, the car battery is 12 V, and the electrical network is 110 or 220 V.
c - Electrical resistance (R) - It is the difficulty presented by materials to
current flow. Resistance is measured in OHMS (Ω). In the drawing
above, the resistance is offered by the atoms of copper, however this material, due to
due to its low resistance, it is called a conductor. Those with medium resistance are
semiconductors and high-resistance materials are insulators.
d – Resistor – It is the component made up of a poor conductor material (graphite,
nickel-chrome or metal film) used to reduce current and voltage in
certain points of the circuit. The resistor is also measured in OHM (Ω).
 Exercise 02
Match the two columns:
Tension ( )Ω
( B ) Current ( )V
C) Resistance ( )A

4 - Ohm's Law
Through it, it is possible to know the value of the current flowing through a resistor: I = V/R.
For example, if a 10Ω resistor is connected to a 6 V source, the current that
The current that will pass through it will be: I = 6/10 = 0.6 A or 600 mA.

5 - Electric circuit
It is the complete path for the flow of electric current. Below we see a
simple circuit formed by a battery connected to an LED and a resistor:

Exercise 03
In the above circuit, the battery is 9 V. The LED has a voltage drop of 1.5 V. The
The resistor in the circuit is 1 K. Using Ohm's Law, calculate the current that
circulates through the LED _____________________________

6 - Types of electric current

a - Direct current (DC) - Always maintains the same value and direction,
being represented by a straight line. It is produced by continuous tension from batteries,
batteries and power supplies.
b - Alternating current (AC or AC) - Changes in value and direction over the course of
time. It is provided by the alternating voltage of the power grid.
c - Pulsating current (PC) - Only changes in value. This type is normally obtained
for the rectification of alternating current. See the representation of the types of currents:
Frequency - It is the number of times that the C.A. changes in value and direction.
per second. It is measured in HERTZ (Hz). The frequency of the electric grid is 60 Hz.

Exercise 04
Indicate the frequency of the currents below:

7 - Electric power

It is the amount of electrical energy consumed by a device or circuit.

Second. Power is measured in WATT (W). It gives us an idea of energy consumption.
of a device. For example: a 60 W soldering iron consumes more electrical energy
that a 30 W one. Soon the 60 W iron heats much more than the 30 W one. To know
the electric power of an electronic device is simply obtained by multiplying the voltage it
It works by the electric current that passes through it. P = V x I
Exercise 05
A radio from Paraguay came with the following indication: 15 W PMPO. It works
With 4 batteries (6 V) and with the volume at maximum, the current reaches 0.5 A. What is the ...
true power consumed by it?_______________
8 - Study of resistors
As we have seen, resistors have the function of reducing electric current and voltage.
at various points of the circuit, as we see below. They are made of poor materials
conductors such as graphite, nickel-chrome and metallic film.
The higher the value of the resistor, the lower the current.
in the circuit, the greater the voltage drop provided
for him.

Characteristics of resistors
a – Resistance
electric - Value in
ohms indicated in
body through rings
colorful or numbers.
b - Tolerance
Indicated in % is the
the biggest difference between the
indicated value and the value
real of the piece. Example:
a 100Ω resistor
5% can have its value
between 95 and 105Ω;
c - Nominal power - Maximum heat supported by the part. The nominal power
it depends on the size of the piece. For the carbon resistors we have the powers of
1/16, 1/8, ¼, ½, 1 and 3 W. The metal film ones are 1/3, ½, 1, 1.6, 2, and 3 W. The wire ones
range from 2 to 200 W.
 9 - Color code and resistor reading
Unit conversion: When the value of a resistor is greater than 1000Ω,
we use the multiples KILO (K) and MEGA (M). See the examples below:
2.000Ω=2K; 10.000.000Ω=10M; 6.800Ω=6K8

Exercise 06
Indicate the value of the resistors below:
1 – Reading special resistors and potentiometers
a – Low value resistors (less than 10Ω) - These types have the 3rd stripe of
gold or silver body.
Next to it, we see the
example of two
resistors of this type.
When the 3rd stripe is
gold, divide the amount
of the first two
multiply by 10 and when it's silver divide by 100.

b - Precision resistors (5 and 6 bands) - The reading starts from the thinnest band. The
the code is the same. Below we see how the reading is done:

c - SMD Resistors - The reading is indicated on the body through a number. The
the third digit is the number of zeros to be added to the first ones. Note:

Exercise 07
Indicate the value of the resistors below:

d - Standard values of graphite resistors - These are the values found

no mercado:1 – 1,1 – 1,2 – 1,3 – 1,5 – 1,8 – 2 – 2,2 – 2,4 – 2,7 – 3 – 3,3 – 3,9 – 4,3
- 4.7 - 5.1 - 5.6 - 6.2 - 6.8 - 7.5 - 8.2 - 9.1 and the multiples and submultiples of 10 of
each of these values up to 10M.
e - Potentiometers - They are resistors whose resistance
it can be changed by rotating an axis that moves a cursor
of metal on a graphite track. Some of them do not
they have an axis, being called detrimpot. Next to it we see
these components:
6 - Other types of resistors
a - Multi-turn potentiometers - They have a long body and a worm-type shaft.
By turning this axis, it gradually varies the resistance. It is used in circuits where the
the resistance adjustment must be very precise. See below:

b - Varistor - It is a special resistor that decreases its resistance when the voltage
in its terminals increases. It is used in the power input of some devices,
protecting them from an increase in voltage in the power grid. When the voltage at the
terminals exceed the component limit, it short-circuits, blows the fuse and
turn off the device.

c - Thermistor - This type of resistor varies its resistance with temperature. There are
the positive thermistors (PTC) that increase resistance when heated and the
negatives (NTC) that decrease resistance when heated. It is used in
circuits that require stability even when the operating temperature
increase.

d - Resistor bar - There are several resistors interconnected within a single

request, having a common terminal for all. It is used in circuits that require
space economy. It can also be called resistor package.
resistors).

e - Photoresistors - Also called LDR, vary the resistance according to

with the incident light on it. The clearer it is, the lower its resistance. They are
used in circuits sensitive to ambient lighting.
3 – Study of capacitors
The capacitor is formed by two plates.
conductors separated by an insulator called
dielectric. The plates are used to store
electric charges and the dielectric gives the name to
capacitor (ceramic, polyester, etc.). In
In electronics, there are two types of fixed capacitors:
polarized (electrolytic) and non-polarized.
See next to it:
a - Operation of the capacitor - By applying voltage to the terminals of the capacitor, it
stores electric charges (negative on one plate and positive on the other). While the
the capacitor is charging, a current flows in the circuit called current of
charge. When the capacitor is already charged, no current flows anymore.
to discharge the capacitor, simply connect one terminal to the other and the current that flows
It is called discharge current. Below we see the operating principle:

b - Most commonly used capacitors in equipment - are the

electrolytic (polarized), ceramic and polyester (non-polarized) ones:

c - Functions of capacitors in circuits - Capacitors can be used

as a power supply filter, converting pulsating current into direct current and
they also serve as coupling or decoupling, blocking the D.C. and
let only C.A. pass. The greater the value of the capacitor or the frequency of the
C.A., easier to pass through the capacitor. See some examples below:
d - Main characteristics of capacitors - They are: capacitance, that is,
its ability to store more or less electric charges and voltage of
work or isolation, that is, the maximum voltage we can apply to the capacitor
it will not blow it up. Capacitance is measured in FARAD (F), however this unit is
very large and in practice its submultiples are used MICROFARAD (µF),
NANOFARAD (nF or KpF) AND PICOFARAD (pF).

4 - Reading of capacitors
a - Units of measurement and conversion from one unit to another
a.1 - Microfarad (µF) - It is the largest unit, being used in high capacitors.
value (electrolytic)
a.2 - Nanofarad (nF) or (KpF) - It is a thousand times smaller than the µF, being used in
common medium-value capacitors.
a.3 - Picofarad (pF) - It is a million times smaller than the µF, being used in the
common low value capacitors.
Since the relationship between them is a thousand, just move the comma three places to the left or
to the right:
Exemplos: 0,027µF= 27 nF ;2200pF= 2,2 nF ;10 nF= 0,01µF ;0,47µF= 470 nF

Exercise 12
Convert the value of the capacitors to the unit indicated in each case:
3,3nF= ______pF ;0,1µF=______nF;0,22µF= ______nF; 8200pF= ______ nF

b - Reading electrolytic capacitors - This type is easy to identify the value, as

it is already indicated directly on the body in µF, as well as its operating voltage in
Volts. Sometimes it can have two numbers separated by a slash.
first is the capacitance and the second is the voltage. See some below:

c - Reading polyester capacitors – Common capacitors (polyester,

ceramics, styroflex, etc) usually use a rule to indicate their value
through the number indicated on your body: Number less than 1 = µF; number
greater than 1 =pF; greater than 1 followed by the letter N =nF. Observe below:

IMPORTANT - The letter to the side is the tolerance. J = 5%, K = 10% and M = 20%
 Exercise 13
Let's read the capacitors below and convert to the most convenient unit:

d - Reading ceramic capacitors - Some have three numbers on the body,

given that the last one is the number of zeros to be added to the first two. When the
The 3rd number for the "9", it means comma:

Exercise 14
Let's read the capacitors indicated below:

e - Reading the "zebra" capacitors (old ones) - Uses the color code. See:
7 – Variable Capacitors

They are formed by movable metal plates that fit into fixed plates when
we rotate an axis. In this way, it changes its capacitance. Some types have
just a slot for adjustment with a key. They are called trimmers. Below
we see these components.

Tuning knobs used on radios to tune in stations. The trimmers have

the function of calibrating the radio to receive the stations in the correct position and
with high volume. Most radios use quadruple variable. Two for AM
(oscillator and tuning) and two for FM. Each one has a calibration trimmer.
 Lesson 4 – Diodes and transistors
1 – Study of diodes
a - Common diode - The diode is a component made up of two crystals
germanium or silicon semiconductors. However, in manufacturing, the semiconductor is
mixed with other substances thus forming a crystal of type P (anode) and another
of type N (cathode). Below we see the aspects and the symbol of the diode:

The diode only conducts electric current when the anode voltage is greater than that of the cathode.
cathode. Observe below:

Exercise 16
Indicate in which of the circuits below electric current flows:

Note: A conducting diode has a voltage drop of 0.6 V.

b - LED (light emitting diode) - It is a special diode made of 'gallium arsenide'.

It works the same way as a common diode and lights up when directly
polarized. However, they require at least 1.6 V to turn on. See below:

As the LED does not support high currents, there is always a resistor in series with it.
 c - Zener Diode - It is the only one that can conduct current in the reverse direction, that is,
with the cathode voltage greater than that of the anode. For it to conduct in this condition, the
the voltage applied to it must be equal to or greater than that indicated on its body. Note
below how it stabilizes the tension indicated in your body within certain limits:

The Zener diode can be used in circuits as a voltage stabilizer and in

some cases like protection circuit. As observed, there is a resistor connected
in series with it to limit the current to a value suitable for operation ento.
d - Fast diode - Has the ability to work switching high frequencies.
They are used in switching power supplies. Physically, they are similar to
common diodes, but they usually have RU, 4F, BY in their codes.
e - General-purpose diodes - These are those that can be used in place of many
others like those mentioned below:
Germanium – 1N60, OA95, etc.
Low current silicon (signal diodes) - 1N4148, 1N4151, BAW62, etc.
High current silicon (rectifier diodes) - 1N4007, 1N5408, SKE 1/08 (1 A/
800 V), SKE 1/12, etc.
2 - Study of transistors
The transistor is a component made up of three silicon crystals, two of which are n-type.
Below we see the types and symbols of common transistors
used in electronics (bipolar):

a - Classification of transistors according to maximum power:

a.1 - Low power transistors - They are small transistors that do not
we endure a lot of heat;
a.2 - Medium power transistors - They are larger than the previous ones and many
they have a hole for being screwed into a heat sink;
a.3 – high power transistors – These are those that have a large body of their own.
to withstand high temperatures. These work with heat sinks.
See below some examples of the mentioned transistors:

b - Functions of transistors in circuits - Can function as a switch,

signal amplifier voltage regulator, as we see below:

c – Polarization - These are the continuous voltages applied to the terminals of the transistor
for it to work. The polarization of the NPN transistor is the opposite of the PNP.
c.1 - Polarization of an NPN transistor - Higher voltage at the collector, average at the
lower base on the emitter. The base voltage is just slightly higher than that of the
emitter (at most 0.8 V more).
c.2 - do PNP transistor - They operate with voltage
highest on the emitter, average at the base and voltage
but lower collector. Next to it we see the order
the tensions for the two types of transistors:

d - Ways to connect a transistor in the circuit - A transistor functioning as

The amplifier can be connected in three different ways: common emitter–
The signal enters the base and exits amplified at the collector, common collector - the signal enters into the
base and goes out on the emitter, but only with current gain and common base.
The signal enters the emitter and exits amplified at the collector. See below:
 h - Identification systems for transistors

-The most used systems in world are:

European, American, and Japanese

See below:
European system - It starts with letters. If the 1st letter is A, the piece is made of germanium and
If forB, it is silicon. The 2nd letter indicates the type and function of the piece as follows: A
=diodo, B = diodo varicap, C = transistor de baixa freqüência e baixa potência,
D = transistor de baixa freqüência e média potência, E = diodo túnel, F =
high frequency and low power transistor, L = high frequency transistor
and high power, M = hall element (magnetic), N = optocoupler, P =
sensitive element to radiation, S = high power transistor for switching,
U = transistor de alta potência para chaveamento, Y = diodo retificador, Z =
zener diode.

American system – It can start with 1N for diode or 2N for transistor.

Japanese system - Can start with 1S for diode or 2S for transistor.

Usually this prefix does not come in the body. Only a letter followed by a
number. If the letters A or B appear, it will be PNP. If it is C or D, it will be NPN. Ex:
2SC1815 is NPN.
i - Field-effect transistor (FET) - It has three terminals with names
different from common transistors: drain, source and gate. The drain operates with the
highest voltage and the source with the lowest. Applying an average voltage to the gate,
he creates an electrostatic field that controls the current within the component. He is
very similar to a common transistor, but its consumption is lower and its
the input impedance is much higher. See below:

j - MOSFET - It is a FET with the gate terminal isolated from the other two by a thin
silicon oxide layer. This
layer is sensitive to static. The
Power MOSFETs are used as
power supply switchers
due to its reduced consumption and high
input impedance. See next to:
The code of the MOSFETs can start with IRF, 2SK, BUZ, etc.
 Lesson 5 - CIs, coils, transformers, and power supply
1 - Integrated Circuit (IC or IC)
It is an electronic circuit (or several circuits) within a single silicon wafer.
It is the main responsible for the miniaturization of electronic circuits. Within a
CI usually has transistors, diodes, and resistors or even other components.
like ceramic filters. Below we have some examples:

A CI can contain anywhere from a few to millions of internal components.

a - Digital CIs - They are found in watches, calculators, microcomputers,
electronic scales, that is, in all equipment that manipulates data
digital called 'bits'. The internal transistors work like 'switches'
On/Off. Some types have bipolar transistors inside, being called integrated circuits.
TTL. Others have MOSFET transistors, being called CMOS. These
the last ones are sensitive to static electricity. During transport it must be
in an anti-static packaging or foam and should never be touched directly on the
their terminals. Usually the TTLs start with 74 and the CMOSs with 40. These ICs
they function as logic gates, flip-flops, multiplexers, and counters. Others
they function as microcontrollers, memories, etc. See below for an example:

b - Analog CIs - They are used in radios, televisions, amplifiers, etc.

They have internally bipolar transistors or MOSFETs functioning as
amplifiers, oscillators or voltage regulators. See an example below:

Currently, integrated circuits are used in almost all electronic devices.

This is due to its reduced size and lower energy consumption that
discrete components (outside the IC). Basically, they can function as
amplifiers, oscillators, switches, and voltage regulators.
c - Pin count of an IC
c.1 – IC with a row of pins – From left to right, with the code for
front
c.2 - CI with two rows of pins - Counterclockwise from the right of
"half moon" or from the pin marked with a dot;
c.2 - IC with four rows of pins - Counterclockwise from the pin
marked with a point. See below:

d – Power CIs - They are designed to work with high

energy consumption. They have a metal tab to dissipate heat, just like
in power transistors. They can be used as audio outputs, regulators
of tension, TV vertical output, etc. Below we have some examples of these types:

e - Voltage regulators - They are used to stabilize a continuous voltage

(+B) to power a certain circuit. They receive a higher voltage and
they provide a lower but constant voltage. We have those from the 78 series
(positives), those from the series 79 (negatives) and the LM 317 (adjustable voltage regulator).
Example: 7805 is for 5 V, 7806 is for 6 V, and so on, always the two.
latest numbers indicate
the output voltage of the
piece. Next to it we see
these components:
2 - SMD Semiconductors
Semiconductors include transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits placed and
soldiers by the tracks. The transistors can come with 3 or 4 terminals, however
the position of these terminals varies according to the code. This code is marked
in the body by a letter, number, or sequence of them, but that does not correspond to
indication of the same. For example, the transistor BC808 comes with the indication 5BS on its body.
In our diodes, the color of the cathode indicates its code, with some of them having the
encapsulation of 3 terminals like a transistor. The ICs have 2 or 4 rows of
ends. When there are 2 rows, the counting starts from the pin marked by a
paint or to the right of a 'half moon'. When they have 4 rows, the 1st pin is below the
left of the code. The other pins are counted counterclockwise. See
Below are some examples of SMD semiconductors:

3 - Coils or inductors
It is a component made up of a wire wound in loops (spirals). When the
corrente circula pelo fio da bobina, ela cria um campo magnético.

The magnetic field produced by the coil can be continuous (like that of a magnet)
or alternated according to the current passing through it. In the case of A.C. the field
Alternating induces a voltage in the coil that hinders the passage of current. It is because of
These coils hinder the passage of alternating current.
Inductance - It is the property of coils to create a magnetic field and oppose
C.A. Depends on the number of turns the coil has. Small coils
They are measured in microhenries (µH) and the large ones in Henries (H).

Exercise 19
Relate the components with their units of measurement:
Capacitor ( ) Henry (H), millihenry (mH) or microhenry (µH)
Resistor ( ) Microfarad (µF), nanofarad (nF), or picofarad (pF)
(C) Bobbin ( ) Ohm (Ω), Kilohm (KΩ) or Megaohm (MΩ)
4 - Transformer (trafo) - As we see below, the transformer is formed by
two nearby coils, but isolated. Applying alternating voltage to the primary
transformer creates an alternating magnetic field and induces an alternating voltage in
secondary, which may be greater, equal to, or less than that of the primary:

Transformers that have the primary equal to the secondary are isolation transformers, those of
lower secondary are reducers and higher secondary are elevators.

Exercise 20

Indicate the name for each transformer below:

5 - Power supply
As we see below, the power supply transforms the alternating current voltage from the grid.
in direct current to power the electronic circuits.

Rectifier - Converts alternating current into pulsating current. It is made up of diodes.

can be 1, 2, or 4.
Filter - Transforms pulsating voltage into direct current. It is made up of capacitors.
electrolytic capacitors above 100 µF. Below we see the physical aspect of these components:

Exercise 21
Mark the correct sequence of components in a power supply:
Transformer – capacitor – diode
Diode - transformer - capacitor
Transformer - diode - capacitor

a - Half-wave source - It has a single diode

rectifier that uses only half of the A.C. See
next to

b – Full wave source - Has two diodes

connected in a transformer with a central tap on the secondary.
They make use of the entire cycle of the C.A. It provides a +B
better than the half-wave source. See next to it
this type of font:

c - Full wave source in bridge-Has

four diodes connected in bridge that take advantage
the entire cycle of the C.A. This type of circuit does not
needs a transformer with a central socket.
See next to:
d – Zener diode – As we have seen, it conducts current in the reverse direction when
we apply a voltage equal to or greater than the one indicated on its body. When it conducts,
maintain the fixed tension at its terminals as we observe below:

Exercise 21
Indicate the value of the voltage at the cathode of the zener diodes in the circuits below:

e - Stabilized power supply - Provides a constant voltage

regardless of the network variations. It has a transistor called a regulator
voltage. The transistor's base is kept stable through a zener diode. This
Transistor supplies the voltage and current to power the circuit. See an example
below and indicate the voltage at each terminal of the regulator transistor:

f - Sources with CIs from series 78 and 79 - As we can see below, these CIs
they provide a stabilized positive voltage (those from the 78 series) or negative (79 series). A
output voltage is indicated by the last two numbers on its body. The voltage of
input can be up to double the output voltage. See below:

g - Symmetric source using CIS 78 and 79 - In the circuit on the next page will go
a small suggestion of a source that can power a circuit that consumes
up to 0.5 A (radios and recorders). Using the ends of the source we obtain 12 V.
Using the central wire and one end, we get 6 V.
h - Stabilized power supply using the LM317 IC - As we see below, the LM317 is a
Regulator IC, whose output voltage can be adjusted between 1.25 V and about 37 V.
The adjustment is made at terminal 1 of it. We also have the LM337 for negative voltage.

The minimum output voltage is 1.25 V if pin 1 of the IC is connected to ground. The value
the maximum output is determined by the calculation: (R2/R1 + 1) x 1.25. The greater the
the value of R2, higher than the maximum voltage of the source up to 35V. This IC can withstand up to 1.5
The maximum current.

As we see beside, putting

a trimpot instead of R2 in
example anterior we can
adjust the maximum output voltage
from the source.

With the trimpot in the lower position, the output voltage will be about 1.2 V.
the top position just requires a small calculation to find out the maximum tension
output: 4700/ 220 = 21.36. 21.36 + 1 = 22.36. 22.36 x 1.25 = 28. Therefore the
the maximum voltage output is 28 V. For this IC to work correctly, it must be
mounted on an appropriate heat sink.

i – Noções de fontes chaveadas – Este é o tipo de fonte mais usado pelos

electronic devices, mainly due to their lower energy consumption
electric. It works based on a transistor that causes the current to vary in the primary of
A transformer called chopper on its secondary outputs the voltages to supply.
the device. See on the next page the principle of such a source.
When the transistor conducts, the chopper creates a magnetic field. When it cuts off,
the magnetic energy stored in the chopper induces a voltage pulse in the
secondary. Such voltage is rectified and filtered, resulting in a high-quality +B
to power the device. In this example, D2 and C2 keep the oscillator powered
and in this way the operation of the source. PWM means pulse width modulation
pulse, that is, the value of +B from this source depends on the width of the pulses at the base of the
transistor. The longer they are, the greater the induced voltage in the secondary and the greater the
value of +B. The control circuit alters the pulse width to correct any
change in the value of +B.
This source is used by televisions, DVDs, microcomputers, fax machines, etc.
In many cases, instead of a common transistor, we will find a MOSFET.
functioning as a switcher for lower power consumption from the source. The circuit of
A shot can be formed by an IC or by other transistors, depending on the
source project.

j – Chopper transformer - As we see in the figure below, this type

the transformer has a ferrite core, unlike the common types with
iron sheet core. It is used in switch-mode power supplies where the frequency of
the work is high and the ferrite core works better.
2 - Coils and capacitors similar to resistors - In modern devices
we have coils and capacitors similar to resistors. The color code is the
even the reading is the same as that of the resistors. The coil is indicated in microhenries (µH)
and the capacitor is indicated in pF. See below:

Exercise 22
Indicate below the value for each coil represented by the figures:
3 - Relay - It is a type of switch formed by blades (two or more) activated by
magnetic field of a nearby coil. They are used to turn on or off
high power circuits from a low voltage and current. Below
we see the internal structure and the principle of operation:

As we can see, the relay is being used to turn on and off a

110 V bulb from a 12 V voltage applied to its coil. The
The transistor switches the coil. If it does not receive voltage at the base, it does not conduct and the
The relay key remains off. If it receives voltage at the base, it conducts and activates.
the relay coil that in turn lights the lamp. Relays are indicated by
voltage and current in your coil. The diode in parallel serves to eliminate the voltage
induced in the coil when the relay turns off. Such voltage could burn out the transistor.
4 – Thyristors – They are special diodes with three terminals: anode, cathode, and gate.
They must be polarized as follows: Higher voltage at the anode and lower voltage.
no cathode. For it to conduct, it needs a pulse on the gate. When it starts
The conduction only stops when we turn off the power supply. There are two types of thyristors:
SCR for direct current and TRIAC for alternating current. See below:
5 – Darlington Transistor - It consists of two transistors and some other components.
within a single piece. It is used in high-power amplifiers. In this way
The internal transistors divide the current and do not overheat. Two transistors
externals can be connected to form a 'Darlington'. See below:

In the X1 test of a "Darlington", the resistance between base and emitter should be
good resistance between base and collector.
6 – Optocoupler - Also called an optical coupler, it consists of an LED and
a phototransistor in a single piece. It is an IC with 4 or 6 terminals. In the circuit, it
transfer information from one point to another without electrical contact between them.

7 - Oscillator crystals - They have internally two quartz crystal plates that
vibrate at a constant speed when we apply an electrical tension to the
terminals. They are used in oscillators that must always operate at a frequency
constant. Such frequency is marked in the body of the crystal. See below:
 Final test of the training - Theoretical part

Nome - _______________________________________________________

Below we have a list of components and their functions in circuits. Place the
letter of the component in parentheses corresponding to its function:

( R ) Resistor
( C ) Capacitor
Diode
(L) Coil
Transformer
Transistor
Zener diode
( DL ) LED
Crystal
Integrated Circuit

( It functions as an amplifier or switch;

( Controls the frequency of precision oscillators;
( Let C.A. pass and block C.C.;
( It can have few or many internal components;
( It lights up when directly polarized;
( It only allows the current to flow in one direction;

( It conducts in the reverse direction and stabilizes the voltage at its terminals;

( It increases or decreases an alternating voltage, being formed by two coils;

( Reduces tension in the circuits;
( It hinders the passage of the C.A.
 Final training test - Theoretical part

Name ___________________________________________________________________

1. Indicate the value of the resistors below:

Brown – Green – Red = _________________;
Gray – Red – Black = ___________________.
Red – Red – Gold = ________________
2. Two 22Ω resistors were connected in series and in parallel. What is the total:
In series = ____________________
In parallel
3. We tested a 100Ω resistor on the digital multimeter and it showed 103Ω. It is:
( a ) Bom ( b ) Alterado ( c ) Aberto
4. An NPN transistor must be biased with:
Higher voltage at the emitter, average at the base, and lower at the collector
Higher tension at the base, medium at the collector, and lower at the emitter
Higher voltage at the collector, average at the base, and lower at the emitter

5. Testing a transistor in X1 between B and C we measured 10Ω and between B and E 0Ω:

( a ) Ele está bom ( b ) Ele está em curto ( c ) Ele está aberto

6. When testing a diode out of the circuit at X10K in both directions:
The pointer must move in both directions.
(b) The pointer must move in only one direction
The pointer should not move in any direction.
7. Testing a common capacitor in X10K, the multimeter indicated 50 K. It is:
{"a":"Short","b":"Open","c":"Good"}
8. The marked IC KA7812 must provide:
( a ) 12 V ( b ) 78 V ( c ) -12 V
9. Choose the correct alternative regarding the MOSFET transistor:
The drain does not conduct with any other terminal.
The gate does not conduct with any other terminal.
The source does not conduct with any other terminal
10. Mark the correct sequence of components in a power supply:
Transformer - Capacitor - Diode
( b ) Transformer – Diode – Capacitor
Diode - Transformer - Capacitor