Thesis Report

Symbiosis:Environmental & Technological Futures
MArch Thesis Report 2010

John Carroll Daniel Dobson J o s h Wo o d s
S y M b i o S i S : E n v i R o n M E n TA l & T E C h n o l o g i C A l F u T u R E S
Symbiosis:Environmental & Technological Futures

This thesis project deals with the future of britains energy supply as we strive to create a sustainable society.
ConTEnTS
Contents
introduction Te c h n o l o g y urban Analysis Project Key Concepts Masterplan Po w e r P l a n t M a i n b o d y River ness Pumping Station Moray Firth Pumping Station Conclusion Appendix bibliography
05 14 24 42 46 52 74 84 98 100 106
introduction
in April 2009, then Prime Minister of the u.K. gordon brown, unveiled 10 potential sites for new nuclear reactors on british soil. As usual, this sparked of angry reactions from environmental societies and protestors worried of contamination to surrounding land, de-commissioning concerns and even fear of all out catastrophe in the form of a nuclear meltdown. With north Sea oil reserves running low, the u.K. must endeavor to search for new sources to supply demand. Concurrently, we must embrace new technologies in renewable energy and incorporate them into a sustainable energy plan in order to meet national, European and worldwide energy and emission targets. no longer are we able to rely on fossil fuels for the production of energy. The way we produce our energy is directly linked to Co2 emissions in the atmosphere which affects the earths temperature, sea levels and the fragile ecological balance of the earth. Without drastic reductions in global Co2 levels the earths temperature could rise as much as six degrees by the end of the century, potentially raising sea levels, wiping out species whilst destroying major cities, societies and cultures. on october 30th, 2009, European leaders endorsed the objective of an
The Decarbonized pathways should be: 1. Sustainable, Providing energy security, and re ducing greenhouse gases.
80%-95% reduction in Co2 emissions by 2050, having previously agreed to produce 20% of entire European energy by 2020. The legislation and targets involved make the issue of modern power generation a pertinent and hotly debated topic, determining the fortunes of political parties and governments both in this country and throughout the world. We recently saw much debate during the u.K. general Election, and last December in Copenhagen, which recognized the case for keeping a rise in temperature below 2 degrees but outright failed to produce a binding agreement, tarnishing the reputations of world leaders and causing doubt in the
inTRoDuCTion
debate about global warming, leaving us still searching for a pathway to take. This raised the question how can we provide power for the development of our cities in a sustainable, environmentally and ecologically sympathetic way? how can we sustain our way of life and stop further pollution of the atmosphere? What pathways are available and what is the architectural manifestation of these ideas? We are the most power hungry generation that has ever lived. Technological breakthroughs have changed the way we live, simultaneously making us dependant on energy. These technological breakthroughs have defined epochs in our civilization. historically as each new technology was introduced it was met with a mute, sometimes negative reaction from society before gradually being accepted by the populace. We have reached the point where a paradigm shift in ideas and philosophies pertaining to energy production and consumption is necessary to achieve urban and societal sustainability. now is the time to embrace green technologies to curb the destruction of the natural environment and sustain our way of life. Mankinds quest for power started in the 17th century. back then, we shared a close relationship with the natural world horsepower was meant in its literal meaning but since then we have grown increasingly apart with the relentless quest for more energy having a wholly negative effect on the environment. The current relationship between mankind on his quest for energy and the natural environment is anything but symbiotic and wholly unsustainable. These are the current issues which have shaped this thesis project, however this thesis aims not to be rooted in apocalyptic hysteria, but represents ideas and technologies which are eminently possible. We believe that achieving sustainability within our society is something we must strive for and ultimately, can achieve. History we know, is apt to repeat itself.
1858 g. Eliot Janets Repentance in Scenes of Clerical life ii.
1780 - 1880
1839 - 1890
The steam revolution began.
The railroad revolution began.
Aristrocrats lobbied against the change...
Lobbyist tried to scare the public...
But, planning & investment triumphed
Railroad Revolution
But, governments brought stability...
Steam Revolution
The revolution thrived...
The industry grew beyond expectation...
In less than 40 years, the industrial revolution changed the world forever...
In less than 50 years, the railroad revolutionized transport.
inTRoDuCTion
1899 - 1929
1974 - 2000
The electric revolution began.
The technological revolution began.
Fear and ignorance confused the public...
Fear and distrust soared.
But, government vision brought order...
Technological Revolution
Electrical Revolution
But, users overcame the skeptics...
The revolution exploded with innovation...
The revolution created new opportunities...
In less than 30 years, the impossible became possible.
In less than 25 years, technology changed the way we live.
2010 - 2050
We have reached a new epoch, that of the renewable revolution. now is the time to embrace new technologies in order to reduce the environmental impact humans currently place on the planet and
The renewable energy revolution began.
provide a sustainable future. to do this it requires a shift in societal philosophies. is history about to repeat itself ?
But, ignorance continues to mislead...
Renewable Revolution
Cooperation & planning will be crucial...
The revolutionary potential is endless...
And we have only scratched the surface...
inTRoDuCTion
The urban Power Station

nowadays, power generation possess an air of anonymity, with stations pushed to the peripheries of both our urban settings and minds, often appearing as an unattractive blotch on the landscape and psyche. This may be reflected in current societal attitudes towards power usage we take it for granted, simply pushing buttons to summon its powers, viewing it as an unblemished never-ending stream. There is little societal interaction with this infrastructure that enables modern life, inhibiting our understanding and development of basic principles regarding a philosophy of sustainability and energy usage.
Battersea Coal Power Station - london
Energy sources are placed at a distance from energy needs and thus power must be transported miles to urban centres to be used, causing a necessity of infrastructure through the countryside, migration of workers to operate the facility and even inefficiency over its distance. historically, however power stations were once a significant feature of our urban fabric. The generation of electricity took place among the bustle of our city passageways, facilitating transportation and powering the machinery which produced goods for export and consumption. in many cities within the uK, these monolithic buildings were a common sight amongst the waterways which acted as corridors of production, with warehouses and smokestacks signalling the refining of produce that kept the urban population clothed and fed. in amongst our apartments converted from dockside warehouses today, we may we see the evidence of this displacement of energy from the city where the power is needed most to the countryside out of sight and sound of the population that consume without knowledge of the effects. in and around cities as diverse as newcastle and london stand abandoned power facilities and derelict stacks without requirement in todays society.
Stella Coal Power Station - newcastle
10
Rural
Urban
Cities provided space for these polluting edifices simply due to a need for power in certain areas. before a stable and dependent national power grid, these buildings were used to power the city centre tram networks and the dockside production facilities. As the technology to move these away from cities developed and with it decentralisation of the power network, so did the desire to pollute away from the population, to move the spaces of energy production away from the cities. Even today, we find it impossible to allow an edifice the size of a power generation scheme to coexist among our urban fabric. We place even low pollution schemes such as wind and hydro away out of sight in the countryside. The population fears the return of the large scale edifices that once belched soot over swathes of our populace. With the advent of green power generation, can we finally return to utilisation at the source? Can we provide the energy from a location next door to its intended user? Can we share our urban fabric with monuments to the huge scale of a cities requirement to be fed an endless supply of energy? by returning generation to a city, can we finally quantify to its inhabitants the resources that go towards sustaining such a population? Thus our project was conceived; an exploration into the social and spatial effects of a placing a power generating facility into an urban setting. Essential to the creation of a city is a water source, the most fundamental of human needs. Whilst sustaining life, these liquid tributaries also facilitated trade and commerce, import and export and transportation. As a result, a vast number of the worlds leading cities are formed either on a river, along the coast or where the two meet. An energy source that utilises these two geographical features would thus connect the power station to the city, its inhabitants and its historical creation and development.
a? rity and provide identity to an are w can a power station bring prospe Ho How can society interact with power stations and thier infrastructure to further philosophies of sustainability? Will society want to live in the shadow of a power station? have on a city, What impact will an urban power station both spatially and socially?
inTRoDuCTion
11
a tour through... thr
The Monuments of Energy he

representations within a power station
Case Study: Battersea Power Station Battersea Power
Built in 1935, the power station on the South bank of the Thames at Battersea today lies
T Technology
At the time, Battersea was at the cutting edge of technology in industrial tersea design, its newly installed turbines the most efficient of the day. As time turbines efficient progressed however, these technologies became old and outdated. This however draws direct comparisons with the way that today we see (or maybe should see) coal and other fossil fuels and energies of the past, no past, longer appropriate for modern day societies and cities, and replace them with new technologies better suited to modern life. Technology T can (and has) been used to remediate the damage of industry, however industry, at Battersea the enduring image that remains is one of technology tersea compromising the environment and landscape.
as a relic to the past, a monument to power generation and a functionality landmark for the societal context that exists there. Built for functionality,
the gigantic turbine halls and vast expanse of brick on the facade were decorated with bine ornate art deco motifs to provide representation to this otherwise functional structur As structure. time progressed and the station became redundant, its meaning transformed from purely functional into that of the icon, legitimising the community that exists around it and informing of the past. Like many buildings of its scale and importance within an urban urban context, it represents pluralist meanings that transcends its pure function. anscends T Taking Battersea as a case study we will reflect on the relationship and progression ref lect
Emissions
millions of tonnes of pollution

into the air, e air including carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides damaging the earths atmosphere, covering neighbouring areas in smog, staining the building fabric soot black. The smoke
During its lifetime, Battersea spurted out
from functional to representational object within an urban power station and how/if they do, and could, inform of a philosophy of sustainability in the way society produces and uses energy.
rising from the chimneys animated the building and the skyline, providing a visual reminder of k ky the buildings life, changing it from an g inanimate object into a living, g g, breathing organism. At the same time, its necessity to expel pollution necessity gave the impression that this is w what is needed to be done to provide power, negating the efforts of a sustainability movefforts sustainability ment (if one existed at the time). t Societies were left with the impression that to progress and develop, we must pollute and destroy estroy images provided by the spurting y of emissions into the atmosphere seems antithetical to the ethos of sustainability which our cultures ty ty are slowly adopting. ow owly
and that the outcome justifies the needs. This of course, is not possible and the is course,
12
Output
A philosophy of sustainable energy? energy
Social Context
Once, the building was seen as a blotch on the skyline landscape by some, and ugly eyesore spoling the skyline of the capital. It did however provide jobs for the community, injecting economic prosperity into Battersea. Today, the Today, oday
building has transcended its original functional purpose for the anscended community and now acts as an icon, reflecting in the culture of the area and city. It has inspired countless artists artists, appearing on album covers for seminal contempor musicians such contemporary as Pink Floyd and the Beatles, and providing the backdrop for many Beatles movies and festivals, capturing its importance at moments in time As time. such it spans the genres between unique popular culture and the ordinary everyday lives of its inhabitants, who encounter it on a daily basis. What was once unwanted is now cherished by the Battersea community and society in gener tersea general.
Facade
The colossal scale of Battersea with its massive expanse of bricks, towering chimneys and ornate art deco motifs added ornamentation to the otherwise functional industrial shed. These shed provided the symbolism that society needed to project emotional attachment to the structure tachment based in its signs and representations.
Coal was brought to the station by collier ships, and unloaded by cranes, which are still intact on the station's riverfront. The cranes and other motive machinery allowed for transformations within the building to take place. These solitary structures animated the area performing their mechanical ballet throughout the day. Today da they remain as haunting relics to the past industrial glory.
Physical Context
inTRoDuCTion
Battersea was built in an urban context, amidst the neighbourhooods, streets and park of central london specifically to provide power for the cspital, eliminating the need for the transport of energy from further afield. The liquid landscape of the Thames reflects ansport hames ref the buildings image and roots it within the landscape. The landscape also allows for activity within the building to exist shipments of coal are delivered on it and as such it becomes an extension of the building, a sinewy entrail leading out to the sea.
13
Technology
in order to provide direction for our exploration into possible sources of power for the u.K. we first looked at the current situation of electricity generation in this country. in 2008 the u.K. required 379TWhrs of electricity generated via a range of methods throughout the country. A mere 5.5% of the electricity generated came from renewable sources, such as wind and hydro, the rest from fossil fuels, such as coal and gas which emit millions of tonnes of pollutants into the atmosphere each year. in comparison to other european counterparts the u.K. languishes at the bottom of the renewable league, and in order to meet the targets set by 2020 and 2050, it calls for greater incorporation of renewable sources into our overall energy plan, and new thinking and discovery within these technologies.
0-5% 5-10% 10-20% 20-30% 30-40%
39.8
1.8%
3.1
17
4% 2.
15
6.1
2.
2%
10.3%
.5% 20
.8%
7. 2
%
4.3
2 3 .3
5. 2%
%1
7. 8
28.5%
18
35
8.7%
Percentage of total energy generated by renewable sources in Europe 2009.
14
6.9
Britains Power Source

Quantity and Location*
*plants generating >1MW electricity
Hydro
78
Wi n d
plants in the UK
Gas
40
farms in the UK
plants in the UK
113
CCGT
31
plants in the UK
17
Coal
TEChnology
in the UK
plants in the UK
Oil
10
18
Nuclear
plants in the UK
15
Power Station Typologies

Competition and Comparisons
type output capacity
Po w e r g e n e ra t i o n b u i l d i n g s Ancillary buildings Tr a n s p o r t a t i o n s p a c e Open space Fu e l l o n g e v i t y Fa c i l i t y l o n g e v i t y
size
emmisions
Emmisions during generation 810g/kwh Lifecycle Emmisions
longevity
Fu e l
Coal
620 000 homes
an area the size of Birmingham
for average size plant
840g/kwh
17
Oil
Ave:1690M W Max:3870M W
Size 40ha
50
56
Fa c i l i t y
347 985 homes
an area the size of Glasgow
Nuclear
an area the size of Glasgow
CCGT
31
216 450 homes
an area the size of Leeds
48 285 homes
an area the size of Dundee
Size 30ha
Hydro
78
Wi n d
16
an area the size of Lewes
for average size scheme
113
6 660 homes
osmosis?
25
25g/kwh 35g/kwh
an area the size of Lewes for average S y M b i o S i S : E n s i i R o c hMm e TA l & T E C h n o l o g i C A l F u T u R E S v ze s n e En
Size 500ha
55g/kwh
6 327 homes
30g/kwh
Size 250ha
640g/kwh
Gas
40
590g/kwh
465g/kwh
415g/kwh
98g/kwh
10
337 662 homes
25g/kwh
662g/kwh
18
612g/kwh
Size 50ha
30
40
Size 140ha
44
600
Size 30ha
30
200
40
200
75
Renewable Energies
Conventional sources of renewable energy have been in societies consciousness for some time now, these include solar, wind, biomass, hydro and geothermal energy, along with developing techniques such as tidal, wave and ocean thermal conversion. Many of these renewable sources have significant downfalls solar power only works when the sun shines, wind when its windy and tidal barrages have huge ecological impact on the surrounding environment. There is, however, an emerging technology which poses significant potential to obtain clean and efficient energy, drastically reducing C02 emissions into the atmosphere, whilst exhibiting perfect principles to be inserted within an urban setting of a city founded at the mouth of a river.
osmotic Power
osmotic technology first emerged in the late 1950s, when Sidney loeb and Srinivasa Sourirajan, then working at the university of California, los Angeles studying desalination, were working on a technique to extract drinking water from saltwater via reverse osmosis. Their idea was based on the natural principle of osmosis, whereby a liquid passes from a dilute to a concentrated solution through a semibasic principles of osmosis.
permeable membrane. About 15 years later, loeb discovered a new process. he realised that their design could be exploited to generate power. he envisaged a tank with two chambers separated by a semipermeable membrane, one filled with seawater the other freshwater. The difference in concentration of salt between the seawater and freshwater caused a salinity gradient that the osmotic process would try to neutralise. Freshwater would flow into the seawater chamber, thus building up pressure within which could be used to drive a hydro-turbine to create energy. Moreover, this process produces no other emissions that could have an impact on the global climate; the only outputs from osmotic power process are electricity, and brackish (slightly salty)water - zero C02. loeb coined this process Pressure Retarded osmosis (PRo) and patented it in 1973. Whilst the principles were sound, the technology to manufacture the membrane wasnt advanced enough at the time and the idea was shelved. The concept however was revived in 1997, when Thor Thorsen and Torleif holt, working in Trondheim at the norwegian research
location Map: Tofte, hurum, norway.
TEChnology
17
organisation SinTEF, became convinced that membrane technology was advanced enough to make loebs idea feasible. With their enthusiasm, and detailed calculations indicating that the operating pressure could be in the range of 11-14 bars (approx. equivalent to a 120m waterfall) thus enabling the generation of 1MW per m3/s of freshwater, they convinced Statkraft (Europes largest renewable energy company) that osmotic Power could pay off. in 2003, Statkraft was awarded its first patent for osmotic Power membranes and in 2009 Statkraft opened the worlds first osmotic power plant at Tofte, outside oslo in norway. The prototype plant had been in development for more than a year and their aim is to be capable of constructing a commercial osmotic Power plant by 2015 when they hope to meet a target of 25 megawatts approximate to the supply of energy for 13125 average homes, which is comparable to alternative energy sources in norway e.g. hydro: 19 MW, Wind farm: 20MW
18
left: Statkrafts osmotic power plant in Tofte, norway. Right: The key ingredient - Semi-Permeable Membrane rolls.
TEChnology
19
Potential for osmotic Power

Whilst this is an emerging technology, it has huge global potential for the future. The mixing of seawater and freshwater is a process that occurs naturally all over the world, coinciding with many cities and urban centres founded on river mouths, utilising them for drinking water, trade and commerce which dictated their survival and success. by utilising osmotic technology we are allowed to rethink the notion of what a power station is by exploring a new building typology and in doing so make the transition back from rural to urban areas, exposing the process of power generation, allowing it to enter societal consciousness once more, altering philosophies regarding energy which will be hugely beneficial in our attempts to create sustainable societies.
Whilst there are challenges to overcome in realising this technology on an economically viable scale the prospects of vast urban centres being powered by what is a basic natural principle look promising. Roelof Schuiling, a geoengineer at utrecht university in the netherlands, believes; if realised, osmosis is more dependable than wind energy and could have a big impact on our energy sources. 20
For example, a typical wind turbine is reckoned to generate electricity for an average of 3500 hours each year whereas an osmotic Power plant could operate close to full capacity for more than 7000 hours a year. Fresh water would be piped to a generating plant from upstream and saltwater from offshore. unlike wind and solar power, which can be greatly effected by varying climatic conditions at various times of the year, potentially osmotic technology offers a continuous source of electricity. in taking osmotic power generation as the method which we wish to employ to create electricity it allows us to experiment with something new - to explore a new building typology and the possibility of making the transition of the power plant from rural areas to urban areas once more. Architecture involves prognosticating the future and so by projecting the technology into the future we envisioned a u.K. power station harnessing osmotic power 15 years from now in 2025 using statistics and predictions from Statkraft. Whilst the technology was settled upon, we now wanted to contextualise this vision and researched the potential and possible sites within the u.K . in which to implement it.
Estimate of the quantity of membrane required per MW electricity generated.
TEChnology
21
22
Possible UK Urban Locations

Aberdeen (pop 176,960)
Ness Average Flow 112 m/s
Comparisons and Populations
These locations were selected due to a number of factors including the abundance
of fresh water due to a river within the urban location and the proximity to a supply
of saltwater. There are numerous other possible smaller scale locations in addition.
(pop 46,000) Inverness
Sterling (Edinburgh) (pop 41,243)

Forth Average Flow 100 m/s
Ness Average Flow 120 m/s
(pop 29,610) Clydebank (Glasgow)
Newcastle (Wallsend) (pop 192,382)

Tyne Average Flow 142 m/s
Clyde Average Flow 142 m/s
(pop 47,162) Lancaster
Sunderland (pop 177,965)

Wear Average Flow 106 m/s
Lune Average Flow 56 m/s
(pop 468,945) Liverpool (Runcorn)
Middlesbrough (pop 142,707)

Tees Average Flow 87 m/s
Mersey Average Flow 144 m/s
(pop 170,833) Swansea
Kings Lynn (pop 34,564)
(pop 170,833) Swansea
Kings Lynn (pop 34,564)

Great Ouse Average Flow 120 m/s
Tawe Average Flow 124 m/s
(pop 177,326) Newport
Ipswich (pop 143,767)

Orwell Average Flow 30 m/s
Great Ouse
Colne Tawe
Tamar
Tyne
Tees
Mersey
Clyde
Ness
Wear
Don
Taff Ush Lune

248 240
220
212 192
174
134
122 120 112
mw
288
284
284
284
Po t e n t i a l M a x i m u m Po w e r G e n e ra t i o n
Orwell 36 mw Itchen 30 mw
TEChnology
Usk Average Flow 60 m/s
(pop 302,139) Cardiff
Colchester (pop 109,414)

Colne Average Flow 96 m/s
Taff Average Flow 61 m/s
(pop 247,297) Plymouth
Southampton (pop 246,201)

Itchen Average Flow 34 m/s
Tamar Average Flow 142 m/s
23
urban Analysis
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
Prevailing Wind
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov Dec
Average Temperatures
Site location
inverness, Scotland, uK
The site is located within inverness, the fastest expanding city in Europe. The advantage of inverness is access to the the highlands and loch ness. The city has always been intrinsically linked both sociologically and strategically with the river from its inception, as demonstrated by the name, which literally means Mouth of the ness. The factors that will affect the built intervention in this location are the proximity of mountainous regions, the built urban environment including some historic built form and the unique identity of the highlands. There will be a consideration of lighting conditions in the Winter and snow loading will be increased significantly from the uK average. untapped natural freshwater source of
24
Proposed first commercial Osmotic Plant, Inverness, UK
inverness Context & Topography

beauly, Moray Firth and Surrounding Areas
Section AA Inverness Section BB
North Kessock
Population 1 812
Population 500
Population 877
Muir of Ord
Population 40
Population 70
Charleston
Redcastle
Craigton
Moray Firth
Beauly Firth
Inverness
Inverness
Population 1 700
Balloch
Population 1 130
Population 574
Newton Fisherton
Kirkhill
Beauly
Smithton
Culloden
Population (combined) 400
Population 46 100
Population 7 000
Population 5 000
Fort George
Se
cti
on
BB
inverness is surrounded by a number of smaller villages and towns where people have settled for numerous reasons but much of the area is populated due to the
AA cti on
abundance of water and an ability to access the seas. The road connection over the beauly Firth built in 1982 provided a much needed route towards the highlands without navigating around the firth. The proximity to the Capital of the highlands provides a vital link to some of these secluded communities. Much of the current population growth is expected to take place to the East of inverness, between balloch and Ardersier.
Loch Ness
Se
Population 1 000
Population 968
Ardersier
u R b A n A n A ly S i S
25
inverness Timeline
Significant Political and Sociological events in inverness history
Architectural & Urban Fabric Sociopolitical
1057
First castle in Inverness completed

Wooden fortifications built on the site of the modern day Inverness Castle. First record of Inverness but not the name, which means Mouth of the River Ness.
1427
Scottish Parliament held in Inverness

King James I of Scotland hold parliament for Scotland here.
1491
Partial destruction of Inverness

The Clan MacDonald stormed the castle during one of numerous local uprisings and destroyed many of the wooden buildings in Inverness.
1591 1652
Inverness granted Golden Charter Cromwell Fort Completed

The town was officially recognised
1662
Cromwell Fort Demolished

After Cromwells death, the castle was demolished by the population of inverness. The stone was used to build a bridge over the river Ness.
1706 1727
Treaty of Union First Fort George built

The initial fort was surrendered to the Jacobites in 1746 and it was blown up. Scotland and England become the Kingdom of Great Britain with Wales.
1746 1804
Battle of Culloden Royal Northern Infirmary

First purpose built hospital within Inverness. The battle, close to Inverness, ended the Jacobite Rising of 1745-46.
1822
Completion of Caledonian Canal

The Caledonian canal was conceived in 1803 as a method of providing employment within the depressed Highlands. The plan was to implement a quay for commerce at Inverness but on completion, ships had increased in size to the extent that this dock was never used as such.
1846
Thornbush Quay and Distillery built

Precpitated by dredging and widening of the river Ness. This was to be used as a second dock in Inverness until it was realised that the by now completed Caledonian Canal Muirtown Basin was too small for the type of ships to be used.
1846
Inverness Castle Rebuilt

To replace derelict historic fortification with council offices.
1849
Ness Bridge Collapse in floods

Precipitating the building of additional bridges over the river Ness. bridge was reopened in 1855.
26
1855
Opening of Inverness Train Station

The train station brought much needed trade and tourism, to Inverness and with it jobs that helped Inverness expand rapidly.
1869
Inverness Cathedral Completed

The second major church to be completed within the then town centre. Funds ran out before the spires could be completed and thus the church retains a squat appearance.
1914
World War II
Some destruction of parts of Inverness during the Blitz.
1921
UK Cabinet Meeting in Inverness

The first UK cabinet meeting outside London
1976
was held in the Town House, due to the Irish Question.
First theatre in Inverness

The eden court theatre was the first building to be produced as part of the proposed Cultural Quarter
1989
Ness Rail Bridge Collapse

The most recent bridge failure in Inverness left part of the rail link cut off for three years after flooding, leaving many homeless for a number of months
1989
Kessock Bridge Completed

First permanent route across the Beauly firth links Inverness with the Highlands for the first time and opens up investment in the Longman Industrial Estate
1993
Eastgate Shopping Centre

The first major remodelling of the city centre since the completion of the train station.
2001
2015
Inverness afforded City Status

The fastest growing city in Europe is given City status.
Completion of the Cultural Quarter

The completion of a quarter surrounding the cathedral. Proposed are a new museum of Highland History, Theatre and library. Parts of the Highland university may also be located here.
2015
Beginnings of Tornagrain New Town

The additional population growth is to be housed within a new town in the direction of the airport to the East of Inverness.
27
inverness boundary Expansion

1057 First Castle The first records of inverness originate from records transferring funds to develop the original wooden fort. There were originally a number of dwellings atop the castle hill and these simply relocated alongside, afforded protection from the castle fortifications when necessary.
1652 Cromwells Fort The building of Cromwells fort provided the impetus to draw some development for workers and soldiers towards the north. upon the destruction of the fort, however, this area was abandoned for many years and the remains of the fort used for building material within the buildings of inverness.
28

1822 Caledonian Canal The canal link precipitated a progressive spread towards the West of the centre. There had been an expansion to the West bank of the river since the stone from the demolition of Cromwells fort had been used to build the first permanent crossing of the River ness.
1855 Train Station The canal link provided a new access route into inverness and the intention was to make use of the industrial sized ships that could now travel through Scotland. This proved shortlived, however, due to the increasing size of ships; the canal was simply too small. The expansion occured slowly due to difficulty in accessing inverness. 29

1982 Kessock bridge Expansion has occurred in all directions and towards the Canal link once the train station provided easy transport. A spread of suburban business and commercial parks had begun to develop around these disconnected areas. The north and Merkinch had been developed post-war to house large numbers of homeless. To the north, the longman estate still remained undeveloped since use as an airfield during the war.
2010 Present Day Expansion has ocurred mostly to the north of the city centre. The addition of the Kessock bridge provided a new nodal point within inverness in the longman estate that provided easy and fast transport links towards the highlands and the South. The area was developed quickly, however, and with little in the way of regulation.
30
inverness initial Analysis
>
Inverness CT Football Club Inverness Harbour
>
>
Merkinch and South Kessock
Grain of town spread to follow route of river providing frontage to river at entirety of route; no private land onto river directly Less continuation of grain due to topography and organic growth of historic town from castle although follows river where applicable Disconnection between green space from Loch Ness at South of city centre to green space bordering Beauly Firth; No distinct pedestrian route from source to mouth.
Industrial Area Residential Zone Commercial/Leisure Rail Access Routes Road Access Routes Urban Grain
>
>
>
Thornbush Quay
>
>
No discernable planning or application of rules; plots and buildings sited for ease of road access. Leisure and other activities bordering industrial district - disconnection from intended population and use
Longmann Industrial Area
Inverness Centre and Glebe
>
>
Road/Rail Route
>
>
>
31
inverness Riverside Analysis
Port Facility
Longman Industrial Estate
The Nature Reserve has been set up to protect the waterfront area bordering the Beauly Firth from further expansion of the Merkinch area. Nature Reserve
The Merkinch council estate is a deprived residential and industrial area long separated from the city by the railway line. The Access in or out is poor and the area is seen much as a dead end within the city. Community and church groups have been striving to improve the area. Merkinch Mixed Residential / Industrial Residential
Inver
Histor
32
Historic Riverfront The buildings here have remained along a similar grain for hundreds of years and many are buildings that have remained intact for over a hundred years. The area is close to the centre and continues at each side of the riverbank. Some of the oldest buildings within Inverness remain in this area to the day.
Hospitality Area A number of hotels and restaurants that cater for the tourism market along the route from Inverness to Loch Ness
Residential The urban fabric is reduced in scale towards residential areas. Along the river, there is a greater percentage of green space.
Disused Drydock
Railway Bridge
High Tide
Tourist Information Inverness Castle
Inverness Cathedral
nverness Theatre
Historic Riverfront
Cultural Quarter
33
inverness Transport Routes

To Kessock Bridge / Highlands To Inverness CT Football Ground
Cycle route dead end
Rail Line to Glasgow
The major axis through the city avoids the longman estate. Within the city, much traffic is diverted South as soon as possible. There is not generally a traffic problem due to the compact size of the city centre. The routes travel across the River ness and will be traversed by any route which we take through the city. The pedestrian routes are very fragmented towards the mouth of the ness and on occasion, the pedestrian is diverted away from the river entirely, losing sight of the river for the first time since leaving loch ness.
To Canal & Beauly
34
10km East of Inverness
No marine traffic generally beyond this point Disconnection of Pedestrian & Cycle route from river Rail Line to Inverness Station To City Centre East, Ring Road East
To Train Station & Central Parking
To Ring Road
To City South and Loch Ness
35
Freshwater Col shwater Collection
City Centre
Saltwater Collection
The estate remained undeveloped until a boom once the Kessock Bridge provided quick vehicular access from the estate to the Highlands and the A9 route through Inverness. The estate provides much needed industrial and commercial business by which the expanding population of Inverness can find jobs that are not fulfilled by the tourism industry. The zone was developed with minimal intervention on the part of planners and this is obvious in the quality of the built environment around the area.
Longman Expansion Zone
The Marina was developed some two years ago to provide additional moorings for the population of Inverness. The proximity of the Caledonian Canal only serves to provide an attraction to boat ownership in the area. The built basin within the canal was inadequate for the amount of pleasure vehicles travelling throughout the area and thus further expansion was required. The marina is situated some distance from the populated area of Inverness, however,. The boat owning population resides in areas of inverness where nearby marinas would be impractical if not impossible.
Inverness Marina
The site of the original brewery and distillary in Inverness. The area was continually developed from the 19th Century and became the main shipbuilding area of Inverness. Since going through decline upon the closure of the shipbuilding yard in the 1950s, the area, on the outskirts of the Merkinch Urban Priority Area, has undergone an amount of investment and development in new industry and modern housing to replace some ageing blocks that the council decided needed improvement that was not completed since the 1970s.
Thornbush Quay
Destroyed in 1662, the stone from this fort was used to construct one of the original bridges across the River Ness. The area has come back into use only recently after the expansion of industrial production after World War II. The only remnants of the fort are one clock tower and a mound over one of the battlements. In the 1920s, the area was used as a hospital for the containment of infectious diseases. Upon closure of the hospital, the BP site was expanded over the estimated area of the fort.
Cromwells Fort
Originally a planned additional post war housing scheme, this site has remained a part of the city with no internal identity. Despite the location and proximity to amenities including the city centre and nature reserve, Merkinch is still a deprived area where over 70% of the housing stock is council owned and much of the effort to improve the lives of people in the area is left to local community groups and churches. The arrival of the Caledonian FC club provided a much needed activity and draw to this often overlooked part of the city on the horse meadow.
Merkinch Urban Priority Area
36
1km Moray Firth Beauly Firth
from mouth of Ness
Brackish water outlet
Outlet
Sewage Treatment Works

Approx 5m3/s
Riv ess er N
2km
from mouth of Ness
37
geology
inverness lies at the top of the great glen Fault, forming one of Scotlands principal geological features, traversing the country at a near 45o angle with striking changes in rock types and land formations clearly expressed within the scenery. This geological feature forms unique landscape for which the highlands are famed and represents a cherished association between highlanders and their irregular topography. in the void left where the grampian highlands meet the northern highlands lies loch ness, an extensive body of water over 37 Km in length, feeding the River ness which snakes down to the capital of the highlands, the city of inverness providing the resource for life.
River Ness Beauly Firth Moray Firth
Inverness
Northern Highlands Grampian Highlands

Loch Ness
Great Glen Fault
38
oceanography
To the north-East of inverness lies the expansive waters of the Moray Firth, the largest Firth in Scotland, its tidal patterns altering the landcape and the atmosphere constantly. With this, it provides habitat and sustainance for a wide range of mammals, sea creatures, birds and plants, exposing wide tracts of bountiful land at low tide, flooding it with nutrients at high tide. in addition to its natural importance, it also provided for the expanse of the city - providing routes for trade and transport of materials.
39
River Ness Ecology

Section Through River
River Habitat Detail
40
Moray Firth Ecology

Estuary Section Through River
Eurasian Curlew
Water at High Tide
Firth Habitat Detail
Norwegian Kelp Seaweed
Moon Jellyfish
Phytoplankton
Sea Trout
Sea Wall Defen nce
Sea Trout S T t
Grey Seal
Seaweed
41
Project Key Concepts
1_Symbiosis of natural and urban organisms

in a symbiosis of natural and built environments, we will prove that these once distinct and exclusive programs of urban power generation and ecological habitat can not only co-exist, but that they can be mutually beneficial to each other. Architectural intervention to house the program of power plant will be designed in a way as to also provide natural habitat that will encourage biodiversity in the area. The plant will borrow from nature, utilising the natural process of freshwater meeting seawater creating energy through osmosis which will benefit the urban organism without polluting and compromising the natural environment.
42
2_Societal Philosophy of Sustainability

The reconnection of power generation to the city presents a focus of scale through which the populous can experience the demands of the individual throughout a citywide scope. The visibility of the scheme within the city is paramount to providing the means through which discussion of sustainable attitudes and lifestyle can be generated. The loss of generation from our cities coincided with a boom in lifestyle choices that precipitated our current global predicament so it is only right that such a return to our cities of energy production in one form or another causes an increase in responsibility throughout our cities. The demands placed on our environment are within the consciousness of each user whenever a lit bulb is neglected and a journey is attempted. Through the journey from source to output, the citizen experiences the demands he places upon nature and its resources. There is no part of the city that can shy away from the recognition of a future made more bearable through frugality. Though not present in the visible bellowing of smoke stacks or perceived danger of a nuclear future, the requirements and constraints of osmotic power generation mean that the resources taken from a river, the lifeblood of a city are visible to all.
PRoJECT KEy ConCEPTS
43
3_Strengthening urban identity within an expanding city

The urban fabric of inverness is indicative of a city in fragmentation. The city is bounded by distinct fault lines and reactionary architectural intervention. The reintegration of parts of the city is hindered by a rapidly expanding population driven by migration that threatens to overwhelm the existing definitions of city zoning. The sprawl that has followed in the wake of population growth has presented two forms; bland units within industrial complexes to provide employment and production for the highlands, and generic residential development that reduce the unique urban highlands identity that the city has formed. Proposals to create a new town from the embryo of a new village can serve only to hasten the loss of cultural significance; the replacement of character with the faux historic. An urban power complex has the ability to span zones of the city by nature of the process to be employed. Additional facilities that anchor the scheme in alternative areas of the city will embody different aspects of the zones in which they reside; counteracting the imbalances within zones and anchoring the population to a citywide scheme that presents an argument for reimplementation of the current disconnection and malaise. The identity should not overtake the unique cultural melting pot that the city provides but reconnect people and places to forgotten realms within the city.
44
4_link between landscape and mind.

The wild and unforgiving landscape surrounding inverness is the key to the cities existence, with topographical features providing water, habitat and energy for progression and sustenance. The landscape also provides economic stimulus in the area, through agriculture and fishing industries in addition to attracting thousands of visitors to the city and area every year to experience the spectacular glens lochs and mountains of the northern highlands. Due to this it is an important feature in the existence of the inhabitants of inverness, rooting them within their world and providing existential meaning, connecting them to their past and ancestors. by strengthening links to the landscape around them through the intervention of a power plant that harnesses these topographical features and natural processes within to generate power, the landscape will be thrust to prominence within the psyche, locating the inhabitants of inverness in the highlands and legitimising their presence.
PRoJECT KEy ConCEPTS
45
Masterplan overview Model

The project strategy is one of inclusion and linking disparate parts of a fragmented city. There are many areas of inverness that have been developed individually and these communities have suffered due to a lack of identity within the city. Areas are secluded and overlooked within the context as a whole and to this extent, any focus within the city intent on solving problems and, as a minimum, connecting spaces further afield than intended. The focus of a project such as this is to provide the city with a unifying identity that is afforded by a scheme that exploits the city as a whole and provides for the betterment of the population. The scheme provides a number of differing typologies spread throughout the city each offering a different perspective on the sheme as a whole. The unifying entity that links each is the connection between with pipelines and walkways throughout each intervention, with movement and energy a constant focus that is linked through from loch ness to the Moray Firth, Merkinch to north Kessock.
46
Powerplant Site Analysis

The prominent site of the power generation zone suggests a grand site but the reality is a unkempt and unplanned assortment of industrial units that fail to meet the expectations of a built form at the mouth of the River ness. The proposals for the site are to complement the existing facilities and bring them into popular use, returning the site to the local population.
Fresh water pipeline and route towards site
Proposed shipbuilding facility within existing disused drydock location and pedestrian linkway towards Merkinch
Existing port facilities retained and additional passenger port facilities added
Marina retained and brought into scheme along route from city to sea
Existing frontage to site includes industrial sheds and sewage treatment works
Proposed axis of energy transfer and leisure activities towards existing marina
Salt water pipeline from Brackish water outlets saltwater stations
MASTERPlAn FoR A PoST PEAK oil invERnESS
47
Pumping Station Proposed Location
Site Analysis
Pumping Station #1
City Centre
Merkinch
A82
Station 01 Station 01
Tomnahurich Cemetary
Pumping Station
Pumping Station
River Pumping Station
A82
Proposed Station Location o

Pumping Station Proposed Location Inverness Baptist Church Free Church Of Scotland
Pumping Station #2
City Centre
Free Church Of Scotland
St. Marys Church
Proposed Station Location 48
Pumping Station #3
Commercial Centre
B861
Station 03
M Main Route to Centre
Station 04
Proposed Station Location MASTERPlAn FoR A PoST PEAK oil invERnESS
Bellfield Park
Pumping Station #4
Proposed Station Location
Inverness Cathedral Cultural Quarter
Ness Bank Church
Inverness Castle
49
INTRODUCTION
The pipeline links all the way back towards Loch Ness and the strategically placed stations en route are placed with diversions in mind en route. The walkway would also be used as indicators of the current climatic conditioning and changes in the weather would be inducated with the symbolic rising or lowering of the viewing platforms.
The power plant becomes the focus at the end of the route in which there was previously no connection or integration back to the city. The rapid expansion of the city had come at a cost of reducing the quality of open space within Inverness. The aim with a power facility would usually be against the creation of a public amenity but in the cast of the power generation facility in Inverness, there is a link back towards the end user.
The walkway links the end user back towards the river, the reason behind Inverness and a forgotten remnant of a time when cities relied entirely on the rivers which supplied them with energy and the populations consumption was dependent on the rivers purity. The walkway will not interfere with the daily runnings of the port facilities.
The pumping stations within the river are strategically located that the population can visibly identify with the task that the power plant is achieving and the impact of energy use in a physical form.
overview Plan
The entirity of the pipeline is exposed to the source of the River ness, loch ness. This diagrammatical representation develops the masterplan to its fullest extents, showing the location of the final pumping stations in both the ness and the Firth. The spread allows for water to be removed gradually from the river although this water will travel within the water until reaching the plant, thus reducing the impact on the perceptive volume of the water in the river. The sea stations allow for salt water to be removed from varying points, allowing for variations in the total salinity over time. The final points of each pipeline are the Power plant and it is only at this point that the intervention expands out to incorporate the entire site.
loch ness 50
Moray Firth
MASTERPlAn FoR A PoST PEAK oil invERnESS
51
Power Plant Main body

Power Plant building Strategies
The power plant is designed as an area for the community of inverness, a space to provide facilities that are otherwise absent in inverness and a facility that blurs the narrative between the generators of power and their disembodiment from the cities in which we consume our energy. The focus of the plant is to engage the population with the power plant in and amongst everyday activities. A visit to the power plant need not be a visit to a factory or concrete edifice but a leisurely stroll through a park followed by a dip in the pools or a meal at sunset by the marina. The chevron structure employed in the power plant is derived from the Miura fold. initial attempts to house 1600 membrane tubes presented a problem from the point of view of making use of the space within a built environment. The power plant could not simply be a warehouse for tubes but an activity space that is a hidden gen within the context of the city. The decision was made to house the tubes not within a basement but exposed and outside. The tubes are, themselves, self contained and thus appropriate for a situation such as this. The tubes themselves require occasional maintenance but housing these on their side within a built form would require a massive space with no additional benefits. The solution, therefore, was to employ the tubes in a structure below which we would be able to fill with programme, in this context, leisure and plant management facilities. That is not to say that the entire site provides programme; much remains a structure with access beneath. The additional advantage to this typology is a permeability that a traditional built form would prevent; the building can be completely accessible from the passing road and for people travelling alongside; 52
much of the space within demands ease of access and this structure provides that emphasis. The chevron itself provides a surface whereby the water expelled by brackish water outlets from the turbines collects on the top surface, providing habitat and promoting algae growth, reinforcing the emphasis that energy creation need not mean destruction of any kind. The roof structure gently slopes toward the centre to ensure that the built form only collects water where necessary; the water present on other areas of the roof will simply be expelled from the central points to the lowest surface, thus reducing the need for centrally located servicing within the built form. The plant finally provides the focal point of the scheme, the culmination of the master plan in both directions, from the sea and from the river. The overall focus is a structure to present a new power typology and to engage with the population; to provide an identity within inverness that is currently lacking and in this respect, the facilities could be said to be additional diversions that provide the use for a space within the site that is oriented towards use by the population, another progression of the city taking back the longman area from purely commercial operations that currently reside on the site.
PoWER PlAnT MAin boDy
53
Power Plant Surface buildup

The membrane tubes are supported on an exposed steel structure sitting atop a planar glazing system to provide accomodation within the structure. Within this, less transparent boxes provide spaces requiring more intimacy and privacy.
54
Site Strategy Diagram

Pipeline locations within power generation facility
Fresh Water Pipe Salt Water Pipe Brackish Water Pipe Port Building Turbine Hall Brackish Water Outlet to roof Brackish Water Outlet to lido
55

Diagrammatic representation of leisure areas within power generation zone
e
mm Str a Ba r/ nd 4 Ca fe / Re st au ran t& Co erc ial
Str and Au d it 5/6 ori um &B
rid g
ng e
Li do Ch a
Str a He nd 3 alt hS pa
3 n nd la tra er P S w Po
tM
an
e ag
Lido Change Auditorium Restaurant Bar Cafe Health Spa Plant Management Stair Core Turbine Hall Permeable Route Raised Walkway The areas are derived from the original grid and are only representative of the areas used in the final power plant model
56
&
en
t&
In
m or
at
io

Membrane tube locations within power generation facility
Membrane tube locations Port facility The areas are derived from the original grid and are only representative of the areas used in the final power plant model
57
Project Precedent
hanamidouri Cultural Centre, Atelier bow Wow The scheme takes many of the aspects that will allow a power generation facility to function, such as multilayering of space and large indoor-outdoor areas. The advantage of the approach used here is that the building merges into the landscape and from certain angles, it is impossible to identify where the power plant ends and the landscaping begins. The scheme presents spaces as more intimate spaces within the vast areas which the building also provides.
58
Osmotic Principles Experiment

Working Model of the Osmotic Process
Chevron roof structure
Protein solution representing saltwater inside semi-permeable membrane Freshwater
Turbine (placement for model only)
The experiment consisted of a series of freshwater filled cassettes containing dialysis tubing ( acting as the semi-permeable membrane) filled with protein solution (acting as the saltwater) Via osmosis, freshwater filtered into the dialysis tubing, increasing the pressure which forced the solution around the pipes to drive the turbine. The experiment was conducted over a 24 hour period, resulting in the production of water droplets from the red tubing and a drop in cassette water level, providing evidence of that the process in theory works. Its much more efficeient in the industrial electricity generating model. This model was intended to explore the spatial principles we wished to develop in our intervention and the relationship between the cassettes and the roof structure, elevating the status of osmosis as it generates electricity providing strong visual stimulus as a reminder.
59
Lower Ground Level

-3,300
60
61
Ground Level
0,000
62
63
First Level
3,630
64
65
Roof Level
8,445
66
67
Power Plant Roof Structure Typical Section
2. 1.
5.
7.
8.
1. Roof Panels:
coated steel cladding panels 50mm galv. stel support frame single ply roof membrane seperating layer 120mm urethane insulation vapour control layer 15mm ply decking 300 x 150mm U.B. frame 75mm dp. profile steel decking 300 x 50mm conc. paving slabs 50mm galv. steel support frame single ply roof membrane seperating layer 120mm urethane insulation vapour control layer 15mm ply decking 300 x 150mm U.B. frame 75mm dp. profile steel decking
3. Roof Glazing:
52mm toughened double glazing extruded alum. frame alum. flashing surround sedum planting mat 150mm soil/loam feece layer 3mm moisture retention layer 20mm drainage layer waterproof layer 100mm urethane insulation vapour control layer 15mm ply decking 300 x 150mm U.B. frame 75mm dp. profile steel decking 32mm toughened double glazing 6mm dia. tension cable support structure 150mm dia. x 10mm circular hollow section
4. Roof Planting:
2. Roof Paving:
5. Glazing:
68
3. 4.
5.
6.
6. Mezzanine:
10mm floor finish 60mm sand/cement floor screed underfloor heating system seperating layer 100mm urethane insulation vapour control layer 300 x 150mm structural steel frame 200mm dp. conc. slab 125mm dp. metal decking 300mm dia. x 20mm thk. circular hollow column 300 x 300mm U.B. base anchor 3000 x 2500 x 500mm dp. conc. pad foundation tanking layer 50mm sand screed hardcore fill
8. Ground Floor:
7. Roof Support:
10mm floor finish 60mm sand/cement screed underfloor heating system seperating layer 120mm urethane insulation vapour control layer 50mm sand/cement screed 150mm conc. floor slab tanking layer 50mm sand screed hardcore fill
69
Power Plant Section

Long Section through Lido & Landscape
68
S y m b i o S i S : E n v i r o n m E n ta l & t E c h n o l o g i c a l F u t u r E S
PoWEr Plant main boDy
69
Power Plant Elevation Typical Arrangement

1.
9.
5.
7.
6.
Scale 1:50
1. Flow and Return Water Pipes 2. Fixed Louvre Stsyem 3. Double Glazed Filler Unit 4. Glazing Expansion Sleeve 5. 150mm dia. Circular Hollow Support 6. Full Height Glazed Double Door 7. Fixed Metal Louvres 8. Double Glazed Kain Unit 9. Fixing Brackets on Tension Cable Support Structure
70
3.
4.
2.
1.
8.
71
Power Plant External Wall Typical Section

1. 2.
1.
3. 5.
4.
Scale 1:50
1. Coated Streel Cladding Panels 2. Concrete Paving Slabs 3. Structural Steel Frame 4. Below Cladding Concrete Plinth 5. Granite Sett paving
72
Elevated Walkway Link Typical Section
Scale 1:50
73
River Pumping Stations

As part of the masterplan, and to supply the water for the osmosis process to create electricity, a pipeline is necessary. The pipeline follows the route of the River ness, re-enforcing the importance of the life giving tributary as it snakes its way through the city, travelling through differing and disparate areas linking the parts of the city together and allowing for regeneration of derelict sites along the banks of the ness en route. The pipeline is also exploited to act as a route travelling from the longman industrial area where the main body of the power plant is located on the shores of the Moray Firth to the wild and rugged wilderness of loch ness, comprised of a floating walkway stringing down the length of the river providing a link between the city and its inhabitants and the landscape upon which they depend. in order to minimise the ecological effects of pumping the water from the ness, a decision was made to stagger the pumping stations along the route, incrementally drawing up the amount of freshwater that the power plant requires. in addition, by creating the pipeline within the river it retains the overall volume of the water, minimising ecological impact and reduction of flow of the river. Each pumping station acts as a manifestation of the osmotic power generation process in effect spreading the power plant out through the entirety of the urban zone, through its boundary and into the countryside.
identity
Whilst primarily intended as functional infrastructure, these industrial structures can also provide representation and identity to the city. over recent decades the cultural contribution industrial infrastructure has made to our societies has been overlooked. Communities can derive identity from the industrial infrastructure that surrounds them, they often stand as monuments to which people can relate, giving meaning to inhabitants and defining a sense of place or genius loci. industrial structures create unique atmospheric qualities that are compelling to behold, un-reminiscent of any other building typology with their unusual form, composition, fixtures
74
and fittings. As a result they perpetuate in the psyche, casting images of permanence incomparable to many other things witnessed before. Peter latz talked about this phenomenon when describing the derelict steel factory at Duisburg in germany. Recalling the experience of witnessing the blast furnaces he said; a blast furnace is not only an old furnace. It is a menacing dragon frightening men and rising above its surroundings1 The idea of industrial structures acting as monuments and providing identity to an area was notably explored by Robert Smithson in Tour of the Monuments of Passaic which documented and immortalised 5 everyday industrial structures - the bridge, the pumping derrick, the great pipes, the fountain and the sandbox. For Smithson, these functional structures provided loci along the desolate banks of the Passaic river in new Jersey and acted as monuments to which people could relate, providing powerful images that perpetuated in memory, providing identity in and amongst banal industrial tin can sheds and commercial developments in an amnesic part of urbanity.
Tour of the Monuments of Passaic industrial infrastructure along the Passaic River, new Jersey acting as monuments to the industrial, amnesic area.
1 Peter latz, The metamorphosis of the 20th Century landscape March 1st 2004 at the university of California
R i v E R n E S S P u M P i n g S TA T i o n S
75
Pumping Station Precedents
landschafts park in Duisburg, germany utilises ruined infrastructure on the site of a steel works to act as monuments, providing loci which help make sense of the chaotic agglomerations.
Ship cranes in Amsterdam-noord speak of the industrious nature of the area linking it back to its ancestral memory of shipbuilding, acting as monuments that alter their form with their mechanical ballet throughout their working lives.
76
77
River Pumping Stations

Development Models
Development Model 1.
Form changing elements within the design utilised as lighting rigs and canopies that are automated via environmental change such as light, heat and rain, altering the mood of the structures and their perception within the city.
Pumps and pipework entwined within the structure to allow inhabitants to get up close and personal with this living , breathing organism.
Development of programmable space
Continuation of the chevron, forming the structure for the floating walkway in which the pipes sit, tying the different elements of the whole scheme together.
78
River Pumping Station Axonometric
6.
2.
11
9.
8.
5.
7.
10.
3.
4.
1. 1. Pumping Rig Arm 2. Reciprocating Pumps 3. Pipeline Connection 4. Floating Walkway 5. Pump Masters Station 6. Responsive Viewing Tower 7. Lifting Arm 8. Scissor System 9. Folding Staircase 10. Responsive Walkway Supports 11. Pipe Expansion Joint
79
Responsive Design
The pumping stations and walkway are responsive to the environment, sharing an intimate association with the River ness, floating on her surface altering their height in the water with the fluctuations in flow. in addressing one of the key concepts of this project, reciprocating pumps are used to in order to clearly express the pumping function and the process of taking water that will be utilised in the production of electricity, acting as a visual reminder that will perpetuate in societal consciousness, altering philosophies of energy usage. Their form is derived from the nodding donkey pumpjack which themselves act as monuments in oil fields throughout the world. Whilst primarily intended as functional structures, the pumping stations along the river also provide space for program, with folding facades revealing a small kiosk, suitable for cafes, bicycle rental stores and newsagents. it is intended that these will be staffed by the Pumpmaster, watching over the pumps and doubling up as information officer, explaining the osmotic power generation process to visitors along the walkway. Perhaps the most striking feature of the river pumping station is the Responsive viewing tower, which alters its form in response to environmental conditions via sensors and actuators placed on the roof of the pump masters station. During fine weather the structure grows, affording a better vantage from which to survey the river and walkways, and also provides a line of sight to the next pumping station, encouraging participants to discover more of the route. During unsettled wether the structure shrinks, changing the volume within, vantage from the summit and its form within the city until it becomes impossible for the structure to be accessed. in its closed position it is possible for the structure to travel beneath bridges along the river, allowing it to return along the river to the technology and development centre for repairs and maintenance. Pipes manifest themselves throughout the pumping stations and walkway, being exploited as spatial creators and providing focus for activity, stalls and buskers, providing further points of interest and social spin-offs along the route.
Walkway development perspective
80
open and closed situation of the responsive viewing platform.
Developing image of the River Pumping Station
81
Elevation with Platform Engaged
82
Scale 1:200
Long Section with Platform Disengaged
Scale 1:200
83
Sea Pumping Stations

At the opposing end of the scheme from the river pumping stations are the sea pumping stations which will provide saltwater for the osmotic poweer generation process. Stretching out from the longman industrial estate lies the Moray firth, an expansive stretch of water famed worldwide for its rich ecological habitat and picturesque coast line. it is on this body of water that the sea pumping stations will be placed, utilising pockets of deep water that will facilitate the pumping process. Whilst functional, they are intended to act as monuments in a similar to the river pumping stations; solitary points punctuating the water attracting intrigue that alter their form with the changing of the tide.
inverness Shipping Route

Along with environmental and ecological issues associated with this scheme, one of the main concerns to contend with when placing structures in a water way are shipping routes. inverness is no exception and indeed has an active port industry which the city relies on for economic stimulus located at the mouth of the ness, alongside where we plan to place the main body of the power plant. The Moray Firth is one of the most sheltered natural harbours in Scotland which is an advantage when placing structures in water. As indicated the main shipping route lies on a north east / south west axis across Middle bank. While respecting this route it is important to find suitable locations within the Moray firth to position the pumping stations to ensure adequate depth for structure clearance and also for suitable saltwater supply. Due to relatively shallow waters in the Moray Firth vessels usually have to wait for high tide before they can sail in and out of port depending the size of vessel, this usually means anchoring at one of a number of deep water buoys. These were also taken into consideration when choosing the locations for the pumping stations. Commercial vessels for the port normally anchor 2.5 cables EnE of the Munlochy buoy (57 33.0n 004 07.5W) to await sufficient water to cross Middle bank, in depths between 9m and 18.3m. Small vessels wishing to transit the Caledonian Canal may anchor, in good holding ground, two cables nnW of canal sealock entrance in 8m of water.
84
view underneath the Kessock bridge.
Strategic Deep Water Locations Main Inverness Port Shipping Route

Middle Bank
Munlochy Buoy (57 33.0'N 004 07.5'W)
Petty Bank Buoy (57 31.65'N 004 08.9'W)
Petty Bank
Alturlie Point
Meikle Mee Bank
Meikle Mee Buoy
Craigton Point Longman Point
Water depth at high tide in the Moray Firth, showing proposed locations of the pumping stations and the shipping path.
M o R Ay F i R T h P u M P i n g S TA T i o n S
85

Development Models
Station shares an intimate association with Firth and its changing tidal levels, floating on the surface, changing its form from low f tide to high tide.
Motion and changability within the structure, altering e, its form dependant on tidal levels, with system anchored to the sea bed automating a beacon, rising up to warn ships of their presence as they pass through the Moray Firth. Moray
Framework to allow for flexible research spaces. Evolution of pumping rig dependant upon need and usage, altering the massing of the structure over time.
86
Sea Pumping Station Axonometric
6.
7.
5.
9.
10.
4.
8.
2.
12. 13.
3.
11.
1.
1. Pumping Rig Arm 2. Reciprocating Pumps 3. Pipeline Connection 4. Access Lift Tower 5. Responsive Louvres 6. Structural Frame 7. Elevated Research Decks 8. Fixed Research Tower 9. Access Gantry 10. Responsive Light Beacon 11. Water Tight Hull 12. Lifting Arm 13. Floading Platform 14. Fixed Suction Anchor
14.
87
Sea Pumping Station

The sea pumping stations provide the saltwater needed in the osmotic power generation process. Whist fulfilling their function as pumping rigs, the sea stations also provide space for research into the ecologically diverse habitat of the Moray Firth, with laboratories and accommodation for scientists who arrive by boat from the port of inverness furthering the concept and understanding of symbiosis between the urban and natural environment. Acting as monuments in the expansive waters of the Moray Firth, like the river pumping stations they are designed to share a close relationship with nature, altering their form and appearance in tune with changes in the environment such as the rising tide, and fluctuations in weather.
Monuments at sea
Due to the relatively shallow waters in the Moray Firth the platforms also act as beacons for guiding ships into port. Whilst being functionally derived manifestations, they aim to strengthen the identity of inverness helping create the postcard image of the city for visitors arriving by boat. The pumping stations consist of three distinct parts: The main deck which is a sealed hull structure acts as the main floatation platform upon which the saltwater pumps are positioned at the rear (8 no. in total which pump a total of 80m3/s) and positioned to the front are the lift access tower and 2 no. responsive light beacons which are activated and respond to changes in tide level, raising up to become fully illuminated when the tide is high signalling for the safe passage of vessels through the shallow waters over middle bank. The floating platform has a void in the front section through which the central accommodation tower sits, rising up above sea level. The floating platform surrounds a central accommodation core, moving up and down on its surface on rollers with the changing tidal states. The central accommodation core is a sealed hull wrapped in welded steel, like the hull of a ship. Due to the potential harshness of this environment it was decided to provide access to the tower at a higher level by means of a manually operated lift. This insures that the central tower remains protected in the event of a sea swell. The tower
Form takes its precedent from oil rigs, providing powerful images amidst their solitary state in the ocean.
Suction Foundations
88
acts as a solid structure which is attached to the sea floor by way of suction anchors, utilising technology from north Sea oil rigs. The sealed hull contains 4 floors; one continuously below water - providing a voyeuristic view into the world beneath the the surface -two continuously above water and a double height space in between acting as a transitional zone in echoing the fluctuating tide providing spacious accommodation for marine research. The upper section of the central tower is unlike the lower section in that it remains relatively exposed, clad with a responsive louvre system. it is envisaged that this space will allow for a less rigorous programme. This helps to illustrate the duality of space both inside the structure and between the various levels. The access lift as vertical circulation functions as both linear and sequential and this sequence of internal external space helps to alter perception and actively engage the user in the outdoors, retaining the responsiveness of the research platform.
inTRoDuCTion
89
Sea Pumping Station

Lower Level Plan
5. 7.
4.
6.
Scale 1:200
2.
3.
1. Pumping Rig Arm 2. Reciprocating Pumps 3. Pipeline Connection 4. Access Lift Tower 5. Fixed Research Tower 6. Lifting Arm 7. Floading Platform
1.
90
Sea Pumping Station

Upper Level Plan
5. 9.
6.
8.
7.
4.
2.
Scale 1:200
3.
1. Pumping Rig Arm 2. Reciprocating Pumps 3. Pipeline Connection 4. Access Lift Tower 5. Responsive Louvres
6. Elevated Research Decks 7. Access Gantry 8. Lifting Arm 9. Floading Platform
1.
91

Side Elevation at High Tide
Scale 1:200
92
93

Long Section at Low Tide
Scale 1:200
94
95
Appendix
Parametrically Derived Roof Structure
1. Working out the corner and centre points of the box 2. Extruding a line vertically 3. Intersecting with surface curves 4. Joining intersection points 5. Creating & extruding surface
96
The Membrane tubes are derived by taking a certain point radius from the central point, finding the normal to the surface, offsetting by the height and creating surface spheres at the end points of the final membrane surface. 5
The process diagram explains the procedure involved in developing the chevron structure of the power plant and deriving the form from individual surface curves, describing the top and base points of the chevron.
APPEnDiX
97
Conclusions
The connection that was required to bring power generation to the mouth of the River ness also spans boundaries of disconnection within the city. Areas that would have been seen only fleetingly from a car window become parts of a route that begins in the highlands and reaches as far as the eye can see into the Moray Firth. in spanning these boundaries, links are formed and connections made that bring the city together as a collective part of a scheme to redefine how we view power generation in city centres. What use a wind turbine on disparate rooftops when the whole city can join together and collectively re-examine how we use energy, returning the monumentality of how much energy we waste when we leave a tv on standby or a light switch down to the minds of every individual along that route. The collective use of a route through the city spans disparate areas of the community and brings with it a sense of the city as a whole, putting areas into context and providing a yardstick by which to measure the expansion and progression of the city, returning the focus back towards the river on the banks of which inverness was founded. in defining a technology that produced no harmful pollutants, we physically change the perception that people have regarding their use of power, a connection that was lost when cities stopped producing power where it was most needed. other technologies pertain to a green sensibility but still produce harmful by-products and it is this perception that restricts our view of energy production to the historically imposing fortresses that loom, empty and decaying, over some of our cities to this day. in changing this perception, a new typology was needed to remove the scheme from these preconceptions. Providing activities to complement the existing facilities within the power generation zone only serves to strengthen the mindset that there can be a change in our recognition of power and how we treat it. in tying in other much needed parts of the scheme to the facility to generate power, we provide a solution of
98
benefit to the whole community in inverness. by partaking in a journey to previously imposing, inaccessible areas of inverness, a tourist gains an insight into the effect of our consumption on the planet. in a resident partaking that same journey frequently, recognition of the need to change our unsustainable excesses is perpetuated in a citys mindset. A power scheme that provides only energy and brackish water as resultant products will always benefit the natural environment but it is in the ability to provide pools of water from the surface of the plant that we can provide the key that binds nature back towards the plant and allows nature to creep back up towards the landscape, providing for the objective that the site should not remain entirely artificial. nature borrows from the plant and vice versa. The pumping stations react to the natural and remain a low impact feature within the scheme. The scheme blurs the societal boundaries between the urban and the natural, linking back the human ideals to nature, retaining a sense of the river and thus nature providing once more the lifeblood of the city. The return of power generation to the city brings with it the expectation of a particular experience, one far removed from the existing and within the scheme, there is a reiteration of certain aspects that are necessary but also a new typology of the framework within the scheme. by redefining the generation area into a landscape and providing for activities within, the aims of removing the fear from living next to a power station are achieved. When people can swim without fear within the output water of a power plant, the psychological barriers to be removed from the population are surely broken.
ConCluSion
99
Appendix
interview with ystein Skrmest Sandvik
Daniel Dobson (DD) Joshua Woods (JW) ystein Skrmest Sandvik (oS) Development Manager, osmotic Power, Statkraft (oslo) JW hi there ostein, its Josh Woods here. im just calling, basically i spoke to you last week about the possibility of asking you a few questions related to your osmotic Plant in Tofte. oS JW Aha ive got the rest of my group here that are working on the thesis project with me. im just wondering if we could ask you a few questions if i introduce the rest of the group to you. oS JW DD JW JC oS DD oS DD oS oK one of them is Danny Dobson. hi how are you doing And the other is John Carroll how are you doing? What? im fine thankyou. Did you get the PDF that we sent you through that shows the site and where we are thinking of doing this project? yes i did. And what are your impressions on that, did you think it was a good location for an osmotic Power Plant? Thats very hard for me to say without looking at a topography map, something like that, but depending on the water quality and things like that, its impossible to say without looking directly at a map. DD oS DD oS DD ok or just from a picture. in relation to the flow of the river, does it seem like there would be enough flow there its 142 cubic metres per second average. i dont hear you very good. oh, sorry. im saying about the flow of the river and what kind of flow you need for the process, i mean its flowing at 112 cubic metres per second.
100
oS
Well, yeah, the system as such is module based and you would build the plant according to water flow. im not sure what proportion of the river you can divert into the plant. if you were allowed to drain the whole the river, that would be 142MW.
DD oS JC
Right Which you cant do but, theoretically. That was one of the concerns we had. We wanted to know how much of the river could we actually take? how much water could we harness before we would affect the wildlife or the faunae in the river? i mean would we be looking at a fifth or would it, what sort of a percentage of the water?
oS JC oS JC oS
Er, there are a lot, actually, thats more than one question thats a lot of questions Sorry First of all i dont know the Scottish regulations so i dont know and thats impossible for me to answer. ok And also the marine condition for the faunae and things like that need to be studied so thats a question i cannot answer for the specific river that you are asking me for. you need to study that. There are probably also some regulations regarding minimum discharge in the river, which at least we have in norway, so thats also a question of the legal legislations around that issue
JC
i suppose what we would be looking at, norway obviously have very strict regulations and we would like to emulate that in our scheme. We would be looking at having strict, tight regulations such as norway have so we would like to keep it at the same standard as you have done so thats the angle were coming from.
oS JC
Aha So thats why i asked those questions, you know, in your opinion if this was happening in norway, i understand its not but we would like to sort of emulate your tight, strict regulations.
oS JC oS
And the question being? Well, like that, would this be acceptable, what sort of a percentage of a river would you be allowed to take in norway, say for instance? but its not one answer for one region or one country, its river specific but you can use as a basis rule that you cannot discharge, there is a minimum discharge you have to have in the river so you cant drain it all.
JC oS
i appreciate that but, er, i mean its just a guess, isnt it? if you say that you can use 50 cubic metre and then that would be a plant of 50 MW, in effect.
APPEnDiX
101
JC oS JC oS JC DD oS
ok, so for every cubic metre of water you get one megawatt of electricity? yeah, freshwater. Twice the amount of saltwater. ok, thats great. That answers one of our questions. As a basis rule, depending on salinity gradient and things like that. i guess Scotland is similar to norway so its going to be in that area. ok, yeah, thats good. Would it be possible to get any photographs of the modules that the osmosis takes place in to generate the pressure? There should be, on the internet site, photos of the plant. There should also be articles written last year after osmotic Power from the internet site and for technical specifications there is one article published in the Journal of Membrane Science published 2009. So most of this information should be published.
JC
i think thats the bit we were looking for. Were finding it hard to understand the spiral module unit and how the spiral unit actually works. you know the membrane spiral, That was our difficulty but ill check out the membrane science journal.
oS JC
Well, yes, how you configure it you mean? yeah, yep, basically how the saltwater is pumped in and the freshwater is pumped into the module and how the two of them mix or how the saltwater flows to the freshwater side. its just the spiral module unit detail is what we need or what wed like to...
oS
We do it a bit differently but if you look at what theyve done in [inaudible] our own in our iteration, then they have a tube which is the spiral element and you fold your membrane like an envelope so that if you glue that envelope to the tube and then roll it around it then you can have different salinity water on the inside than outside of the element. So thats how its done in our own. For power osmosis, we are using flow on both sides of the membrane. We would need to do it a bit differently in order to have it a bit more efficient. Thats also due to the fact that they, in this location are using quite a bit of pressure so they are not that concerned with the fluid dynamics that we are.
JC oS JC
So i take it the membrane is key to the operation and with the fluid dynamics youre not relying on pressure as such. i dont fully follow your question. no, sorry, its ok, i think, well, that leads me on to another, the next question. if we wanted to try and build a scale model of the osmosis process, how difficult is that and would it be something that we could achieve if we get our hands on the membrane as basically a demonstration model. i think that youve shown one of these demonstration models in one of your videos.
102
oS
yeah, i mean you can build that its a matter of finding membrane with water
flow and salt retention. As long as you have that you can demonstrate this in sort of a table scale model or something like that. DD oS Do you have any idea where we can get membrane of that type from? oh, er, well, you, thats, er, you can get that kind of membrane from any
manufacturer for desalinisation. but i mean, its a matter of how much you wish to order and if they have any in stock. i guess its fairly easy to find a membrane that actually works for [Po] osmosis but to find a membrane that will work with efficiency that we require, you cannot buy that on the market but for a table scale model its the thing you need a working membrane not an efficient working membrane. JC yeah, yeah, sure. The water being pumped into that little model, is that under pressure or is it just stagnant water sitting in a little tray how does that work and the other question is would it be possible to get a detail, a diagram of how we would construct such a model or is that asking too much? oS JC oS DD oS DD oS Are you asking me about a table sized model that we have or are you asking about the prototype plant? Well, the table sized model that you have. We would like to build a table sized model to demonstrate to our tutors how this operates. no we dont have any diagrams of that. Do you have a diagram for the plant? yes, but thats working [Po] so thats the pressurised seawater side. Thats also published information. Do you know where that is published? There is a diagram in at least two of the articles. but the table sized model, we dont have any diagrams of that. i guess we had that at some point but youre talking years back. JC The projected floor space requirement which you hint at in your literature, your published information that a 25MW plant would require space of a football pitch or stadium. oS JC oS JC oS yes, approximately 100 by 150 metres in a one floor building. A single layer of these modules? yes, well, not one layer, one floor. Storage, sort of. So thats like a series of six or eight modules stacked up above each other in a module group of maybe 25 or 30 modules. Well yes, the module itself are in different sizes and one of the things we are working on is to build much bigger modules than are available today. So thats one of the things we are working on to decrease the cost of placement cost. The use in the pilot is 8 inch modules which is 30 square metre of membrane but in order to get it to a commercial level, you need quite much bigger module
APPEnDiX
103
than that. but its not one layer of 8 inch modules, you stack them into by themselves. DD for oS DD oS DD oS JC oS JC oS JC DD oS have you any idea of the size that you are aiming for to make it commercial the size of the modules? between 1000 and 5000 square metres. is that in each... in each module, yeah. in each canister or in each module? in each element, in each pressure vessel sort of. i said between 1000-5000 Wow, thats big yes So that would be maybe one, two metres more in diameter? Well, it depends on the configuration so its hard to answer that in Right, we just have a list of questions here were going through... Anything else guys? Does the plant require lots of staffing, for example, do you see it creating a lot of jobs for one plant or... There wont be much. There needs to be some people operating it just mainly to look after it rather than to do something so there wont be a requirement, i mean there wont be a huge workforce. JC oS JC DD So will it just be mainly maintenance workforce? yes, workforce looking after things and handling things if something goes wrong. Erm, theres not a lot of work to be done. oh, so its not very labour intensive. With regards to the intake of the water and seawater, i imagine theres quite a distance thats going to be separating the actual points where you take them in. Would that be true? oS DD oS you mean pipe distance and so on? yeah, pipe distance Well, thats a matter of finding the appropriate site isnt it? The more piping, the more expensive to install it so thats a cost question more than thats a technical question actually. DD oS DD oS DD oS So you actually pipe it in rather than divert the river? i didnt follow that question. yeah ok. i think that answers it. Excuse me? i think thats about all the questions that weve got. yeah. oK? but please have a look at osmotic power site on our internet site, Statkraft internet site. There are some powerpoint or presentations you can download and there are also some articles that answer most of these
104
questions i think. JC yeah, i think we have looked at a lot of your literature and i suppose that we just wanted to touch base with you, you know, get some information directly. no better way of finding out than talking to the man himself. So we appreciate your time. oS JW oS yeah, no problem. ok thanks for that, bye. ok, bye.
APPEnDiX
105
bibliography
Andrews, iJ (1990) The geology of the Moray Firth: london , h.M.S.o. blanc, Alan. McEvoy, Michael. Plank, Roger. (1993) Architecture and Construction in Steel. London: Taylor & Francis. bow-Wow, Atelier. (2006) bow-Wow form Post Bubble City. Tokyo: inAX Publishing. Corus in Construction (2005) SSDA 2005: 37th structural steel design award winners. [online] (updated 23 Jun 2005) Available at: www.corusconstruction.com/en/news_ and_events/awards/structural_steel_design_award/2005/ [7 December 2009] Eisenman, Peter. (2007) Written Into The Void: 1990 2004 Selected Writings: london: yale university Press. Eisenman, Peter. (2004) Inside Out: 1963 1988 Selected Writings: london: yale university Press. gillen, Con. (2003) Geology and landscapes of Scotland: harpenden , Terra Publishing. herdman, giles (1988) Nature in cities: a directory of resources: Trust for urban Ecology, london Kellett, John R. (1969) The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities: Toronto: university of Toronto Press. Kirkwood, niall. (2001) Manufactured Sites: Rethinking the Post-Industrial Landscape: london: Spon Press. Koglin, Terry l. (2003) Movable Bridge Engineering. San Fransisco: John Wiley & Sons. lynn, greg. (2004) Folding In Architecture: Revised Edition: Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
106
MacDonald, Angus. (2000) Anthony Hunt: The Engineers Contribution to Contemporary Architecture: london: Thomas Telford. MAiTlAnD, Peter (1994) The fresh waters of Scotland: a national resource of international significance: Wiley, Chichester. Marot, Sebastien. (2003) Sub-urbanism and the Art of memory: london: AA Publications. oceanographic literature Review. (1995) Volume 42. University of California : Pergamon Press. ormiston, John h. (1973) Moray Firth: An Agricultural Study. Special report Highlands and Islands Development Board ; : highlands and islands Development board. Postma, l. (1989) Long term and Seasonal Water Quality Modelling of the North Sea and its Coastal Waters: Volume 407 of Publication: Delft hydraulics laboratory. Delft hydraulics, 1989. Rossi, Aldo. (1982) The Architecture of the City: Cambridge: The MiT Press. Russell, Frank. (1985) Richard Rogers + Architects: Architectural Monographs. london: Academy Editions. Sadler, Simon. (2005) Archigram: Architecture without Architecture: Cambridge: The MiT Press. Sadler, Simon. (1998) The situationist city: Cambridge Mass, MiT Press. Santos Quartino, Daniela. Artigas, isabel. (2007) Steel Design: Cologne: DAAb. Staib, gerald. Drrhfer, Andreas. Rosenthal, Markus. (2008) Edition Detail: Components and Systems: basel: birkhuser. Tomlinson, M. J. (1966) Foundation Design and Construction: london: Pitman and Sons. uSingER, Robert leslie (1967) The life of rivers and streams. Mcgraw-hill, new
bibliogRAPhy
107
york varnelis, Kazys. (2009) The Infrastructural City: Networked Ecologies in Los Angeles: new york: Actar barcelona. venturi, Robert. (1977) Complexity and contradiction in architecture: Museum of Modern Art, new york. Ward, ian C. (2004) Energy and Environmental Issues for the Practising Architect: A guide to help at the initial Design Stage. london: Thomas Telford.
108

Thesis Report

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thesis Report

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Symbiosis:Environmental & Technological Futures

MArch Thesis Report 2010

Symbiosis:Environmental & Technological Futures

The steam revolution began.

The railroad revolution began.

Aristrocrats lobbied against the change...

Lobbyist tried to scare the public...

But, planning & investment triumphed

But, governments brought stability...

The revolution thrived...

The industry grew beyond expectation...

In less than 50 years, the railroad revolutionized transport.

The electric revolution began.

The technological revolution began.

Fear and ignorance confused the public...

Fear and distrust soared.

But, government vision brought order...

But, users overcame the skeptics...

The revolution exploded with innovation...

The revolution created new opportunities...

In less than 30 years, the impossible became possible.

In less than 25 years, technology changed the way we live.

But, ignorance continues to mislead...

Cooperation & planning will be crucial...

The revolutionary potential is endless...

And we have only scratched the surface...

The urban Power Station

Stella Coal Power Station - newcastle

a tour through... thr

The Monuments of Energy he

millions of tonnes of pollution

During its lifetime, Battersea spurted out

0-5% 5-10% 10-20% 20-30% 30-40%

Percentage of total energy generated by renewable sources in Europe 2009.

Britains Power Source

Power Station Typologies

620 000 homes

an area the size of Birmingham

for average size plant

347 985 homes

an area the size of Glasgow

for average size plant

an area the size of Glasgow

for average size plant

216 450 homes

an area the size of Leeds

for average size plant

an area the size of Dundee

for average size plant

an area the size of Lewes

for average size scheme

an area the size of Lewes for average S y M b i o S i S : E n s i i R o c hMm e TA l & T E C h n o l o g i C A l F u T u R E S v ze s n e En

location Map: Tofte, hurum, norway.

Potential for osmotic Power

Estimate of the quantity of membrane required per MW electricity generated.

Possible UK Urban Locations

Comparisons and Populations

(pop 46,000) Inverness

Sterling (Edinburgh) (pop 41,243)

Ness Average Flow 120 m/s

(pop 29,610) Clydebank (Glasgow)

Newcastle (Wallsend) (pop 192,382)

Clyde Average Flow 142 m/s