Moles 1.

The amount of a substance that contains as many atoms, molecules, ions, or other elementary units as the number of atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. The number is 6.0225 1023, or Avogadro's number. Also called gram molecule.

2. The mass in grams of this amount of a substance, numerically equal to the molecular weight of the substance. Also called gram-molecular weight. For solids

Where, n= no. of moles m= given mass of a solid M= molar mass of that element, molecule or compound. For liquids or solutions Molarity or molar concentration is a unit of concentration, symbolized by "M". It is the ratio of the number of moles of solute and the volume of solution (in liters). Molarity = Moles of solute________ (M) Volume of solution (dm3) = moles/dm3 For gases 1 mole of any gas (element or compound) occupies 24 dm3 of space. So No. of moles = Volume___ Molar Volume

Molar ratio or stoichiometry Stoichiometry or molar ratio is the ratio of the no. of moles of the reactants to themselves or to the products in a chemical reaction. Example 2NaOH + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + H2O 2 1 1 1 Ratio of NaOH to H2SO4 = 2:1 Ratio of NaOH to Na2SO4 = 2:1 Ratio of Na2SO4 to H2SO4 = 1:1

In certain questions you will be given volumes or moles reacted of reactants and products. Divide them to get a ratio and use them to balance an equation. Limiting Reactant The reactant in a chemical reaction that limits the amount of product that can be formed. The reaction will stop when all of the limiting reactant is consumed. Excess Reactant The reactant in a chemical reaction that remains when a reaction stops when the limiting reactant is completely consumed. The excess reactant remains because there is nothing with which it can react. Steps 1. Find out the number of moles of each reactant using their given mass & molar mass. For solutions or gases, use their respective formulaes. 2. Compare the molar ratio 3. Then calculate the no. of moles that were supposed to react as according to molar ratio. 4. If further calculations are asked, then compare the molar ratio to the limiting reactant since that has reacted completely.

Example Which reactant is limiting if 20.0 g of iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) are reacted with 8.00 g aluminium (Al) in the followng thermite reaction?

Since the reactant amounts are given in grams, they must be first converted into moles for comparison with the chemical equation, in order to determine how many moles of Fe can be produced from either reactant. Moles produced of Fe from reactant Fe2O3

Moles produced of Fe from reactant Al

There is enough Al to produce 0.297 mol Fe, but only enough Fe2O3 to produce 0.250 mol Fe. This means that the amount of Fe actually produced is limited by the Fe2O3 present, which is therefore the limiting reagent.

Percentage yield In reality, not all reactions give 100 % yield. There are always some losses. So we compare the yield that we got in reality to the one that should have come from our prediction using molar ratio and formulaes.

Percentage purity Usually in any synthesis experiments we might have impurities or residual chemicals in our product, which might lead to purification techniques, but how pure does the substance becomes is something that we need to find out. So, we compare our purified product amount to the initial impure product amount and for a percentage. Multiply with 100. Percent purity = Mass of pure substance X 100 % Mass of impure substance

Empirical formulae The empirical formula of a chemical compound is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound Weights or Weight Percentages Moles Mole Ratio Atom Ratio Express as Formula

Example Determine the empirical formula of methane given that 6.0 g of methane can be decomposed into 4.5 g of carbon and 1.5 g of hydrogen. C H Mole ratio Empirical formula 4.5 g x 1.5 g x H= C= 1 mole = 12.0 g 1 mole = 1.0 g 1.5 /.375 = 0.375/.375= CH4 0.375 moles C 1.5 moles H 4.0 = 1.0= 4 1