Computational analysis of viscous effects on submerged bodies

Julen Garca Ibez

1. INTRODUCTION 2. STATE OF ART 3. CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW

1. INTRODUCTION
Aim of work Objectives

AIM OF WORK

The aim of this work is the development of methodologies for an efficient simulation of flow around bodies with different turbulence models, applying comparative studies between numerical and experimental results.

OBJECTIVES

Objectives
Analyze the flow around a circular cylinder, and the effect of variations of the Reynolds number on it Obtain force coefficients and velocity vector fields of the flow Simulate vortex shedding phenomenon in turbulent situations: von Krmn Vortex street Study and compare the different turbulence models Apply grid convergence theory to validate computational results

2. STATE OF ART
Overview
Navier-Stokes equations Computational Fluid Dynamics Discretisation Direct Numerical Simulation

Turbulence models
Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Large Eddy Simulations (LES) Dettached Eddy Simulations (DES)

OVERVIEW
Navier-Stokes equations Computational Fluid Dynamics Discretisation Direct Numerical Simulation

Navier-Stokes equations
Set of partial differential equations (PDE) Conservation of mass: A) Continuity equation Newtons Second Law of Motion: B) Momentum equation First law of Thermodynamics: C) Conservation of energy Allow obtaining the pressure and velocity of the fluid throughout the flow

Navier-Stokes equations
A) Continuity equation:

B) Momentum equation

Navier-Stokes equations
C) Conservation of energy

Computational Fluid Dynamics

Solves Navier-Stokes equations numerically Three main elements: A) Pre-processor B) Solver C) Post-processor CFD allows the study of complex flow fluid and has become a key part of nowadays engineering researching projects

Computational Fluid Dynamics

A) Pre-processor The real problem is defined in a suitable form for the use of the software The computational domain is created as a big number of discrete elements that set up the mesh Properties of the fluid and boundary conditions need to be defined

Computational Fluid Dynamics

B) Solver The governing equations are solved using the information given in the pre-processing stage By succesive iterations the solution is derived Convergence is a key part to ensure the wellness of the solutions Residuals need to be as small as possible

Computational Fluid Dynamics

C) Post-processor It is used to analyze the results given by the solver Actual CFD packages provide vector and contour plots to display the properties of the flow as velocity, pressure, vorticity, viscosity Furthermore, specific reports can be presented by mixing data like force & lift coefficients in specific places

Discretisation
The real surface cannot be analyzed by the CFD Thus, a set of some regularly and irregularly spaced nodes needs to be generated: the mesh The mesh breaks up the domain, in order to allow time dependant calculations to be made The discretisation is divided into: A) Equation discretisation B) Spatial discretisation C) Temporal discretisation

Discretisation
A) Equation discretisation The translation of the governing equations into a numerical modelisation that can be solved by the computer Can be achieved by Finite Difference Method (FDM), Finite Element Method (FEM), Finite Volume Method (FVM) The analysis of this document uses FVM

Discretisation
A) Equation discretisation In FVM, the domain is separated into a finite number of elements: control volumes The Navier-Stokes equations are solved iteratively on each control volume The integration of the results of the algebraic equations for each control volume derive the flow

Its efficiency makes FVM standard in CFD codes

Discretisation
B) Spatial discretisation The division of the computational domain into small sub-domains that put together the mesh Structured, unstructured and multi-block structured mesh can be created Unstructuration and multi-blocking allow a more efficient use of the elements and higher adaptability to complex geometries

Discretisation
C) Temporal discretisation The splitting of the time in the continuous flow into discrete time steps In time-dependent situations, the PDE need either an implicit or explicit solving method Explicit methods are straight forward, but small time-steps are needed to obtain convergence. Implicit ones, even if require more computational time, have a bigger range of stability

Direct Numerical Simulation

DNS involves the direct solving of Navier-Stokes equations, without any approximation All scales of motion are solved, even down to Kolmogorv scales, where energy dissipation happens Its computational cost is unaffordable Spalart estimates that nearly a century would be needed for DNS to be interesting for enegineering

TURBULENCE MODELS
Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Large Eddy Simulations Dettached Eddy Simulations

Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes

In RANS, the flow is separated into mean and fluctuating components

Time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are obtained

Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes

Reynolds stress: correlation between the fluctuating velocity components

RANS models have been developed based on the concept that a velocity scale and a length scale is sufficient to describe the effects of turbulence in a flow

Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes

A) k- TURBULENCE MODEL Solves the flow assuming that the rate of production and dissipation of turbulence are in near-balance in energy transfer The dissipation rate, of the energy, is:

where k is the kinetic energy of the flow and L is the length scale involved

Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes

A) k- TURBULENCE MODEL Advantages: Robustness of the formulation A very used and proven model Low computational cost Disadvantages: Turbulence over-prediction at the stagnation point Too large length scales Fails in the solving of flows with large strains

Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes

B) k- TURBULENCE MODEL (Reynolds Stress Model) Uses similar mathematics to the k- turbulence model Substitutes the energy dissipation rate, , by the energy dissipation rate per unit of kinetic energy,

Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes

B) k- TURBULENCE MODEL (Reynolds Stress Model) Advantages: Simple and robust sub layer analysis No need of additional damping functions to solve equation Disadvantages: Inaccurate prediction of eddy viscosity values Higher computational power than k-

Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes

C) Shear Stress Transport (SST) TURBULENCE MODEL Tries to overcome the problems of k- and k- turbulence models Uses k- near the wall to reduce the overprediction of length scales Uses near the boundary layer edge to overcome the problem of free-stream dependancy

The application is restricted to periodical flows

Large Eddy Simulation (LES)

Computes directly the large-scale turbulent structures responsible for the transfer of energy and momentum in a flow (large scale eddies)

Models the smaller scale of dissipative and isotropic structures (small scale eddies)
A filter function is used to dictate which eddies are of large scale and which ones are of small scale

Large Eddy Simulation (LES)

The most used filter function in LES is the top hat filter:

The filtered equations governing the flow in LES are:

Large Eddy Simulation (LES)

An unknown stress term needs to be obtained For that purpose the following equation has been derived:

Subgrid Scale (SGS) Reynolds Stress: Represents the large scale momentum flux due to turbulence motion

Large Eddy Simulation (LES)

To obtain the SGS Reynolds Stress model has to be used , a subgrid scale

The most used model is the Smagorinsky model Basically, the Smagorinsky SGS model simulates the tranference of energy between the large and the subgrid-scale eddies It takes into account the SGS eddy viscosity SGS, and the backscattering (reverse of cascade process)

Large Eddy Simulation (LES)

Advantages: The influence of turbulence is very well captured in LES

Disadvantages: Too disipative in laminar regions Special near wall treatment Backscatter of flow is uncertain High computational cost
o o Re1.8 near to the viscous sublayer Re0.4 away from the wall

Dettached Eddy Simulation (DES)

DES uses the RANS models (generally SST) close to the wall and LES in the wake region of a flow where flow unsteadiness appear

Basically, DES employs a turbulent length scale, Lt, to determinate which approach to use during a simulation
The activation of LES or the switching to RANS models is controlled by a blending factor F
where CDES constant

Dettached Eddy Simulation (DES)

The blending factor is defined as:

where CDES is a constant

SST-DES model offers great potential in the application of simulations for a large class of flows at high Reynolds numbers DES is the more practical, computationally efficient and widely used turbulence model nowadays

3. CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW
Reynolds number Vortex shedding Drag and Lift coefficients

REYNOLDS NUMBER

Reynolds number (Re)

The flow varies with the Reynolds number around a circular cylinder In small Reynolds numbers, small vicous flows where frictional forces are dominant take place With the increase of Reynolds number, flows have rapid regions with velocity changes, thus generating vortices and turbulence

Reynolds number (Re)

Matematically:

where u is the inlet velocity, D the diameter of the cylinder and the kinematic viscosity of the flow From Roshkos experiment was obtained: Stable range: 40 150 Transitional range: 150 300 Irregular range: 300 200,000

Reynolds number (Re)

VORTEX SHEDDING

Vortex shedding
The separation of the flow around a circular cylinder creates pairs of eddies to form alternately on the bottom and top part of the cylinder

This eddies travel into the wake region thus generating vortex shedding

Vortex shedding
Strouhal number is a dimensionless number that describes the shedding of the vortices in the wake region

where fs is the shedding frecuency of the vortices (1/T), u is the inlet velocity and D cylinders diameter
Vortex shedding is very usual in engineering

Vortex shedding
The frecuency at which vortices are shed remains constant within Re=250 and Re=10,000 frecuencies

DRAG AND LIFT COEFFICIENTS

Drag and Lift coefficients

A dimensionless quantity that is used to quantify the resistance of an object in a fluid environment such as air or water

where A is the projected are in the flow and F is the sum of the pressure force and the viscous force components on the cylinder surface (in the along-flux direction)

Drag and Lift coefficients

Drag coefficient is made up of three components: Viscous force Ff Pressure force Fp
Wave force Fo

The figure shows the evolution of CD with Re

!!!

Drag and Lift coefficients

Roshko stated that Strouhal number and the Drag Coefficient of the flow are related in the sub-critical range (Re<10,000), where an increase in the Strouhal number is accompained by a decrease in CD Lift coefficient is defined similarly but vertical force is considered

Drag and Lift coefficients

Theoretically, in a vortex shedding situation, the drag force is changing at twice the frecuency of the lift force in a flow involving separation

It is important that any turbulence model can simulate this accordingly and should be measured

Julen Garca Ibez Contact: jxgarciaibanez@hotmail.com