Chapter – 3 (Memory and Processor)
Memory
Memory is used to store instructions that the processor executes. It has a
significant impact on the performance of a computer system, affecting the speed
at which software can be loaded and tasks completed.
Types of Memory:
1. Random Access Memory (RAM)
2. Read Only Memory (ROM)
3. Flash Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM is volatile memory, meaning it loses data when power is turned off.
Function: Software is loaded into RAM from secondary storage (e.g., hard disks,
SSDs). The processor fetches instructions from RAM to execute them.
Impact of RAM Size:
o More RAM allows more programs to run simultaneously.
o Insufficient RAM leads to the use of virtual memory (using secondary
storage), which slows down system performance.
o Adding more RAM can improve performance, especially when using
multiple programs or files simultaneously.
o RAM can be upgraded, but only up to the maximum supported by the
computer and operating system.
Read Only Memory (ROM)
o ROM is non-volatile, meaning it retains data even when power is off.
o Uses:
Used in single-purpose computers (e.g., calculators, digital watches,
washing machines).
In general-purpose computers (e.g., PCs, laptops), ROM is used
to boot the system and load the operating system.
o Types of ROM:
Mask Programmed ROM: Cannot be changed after manufacture.
PROM (Programmable ROM): Can be written to once.
EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM): Can be erased using
ultraviolet light and rewritten.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM): Can be
erased electrically and rewritten without removing the chip.
o Firmware: ROM is used to store firmware, which controls hardware devices.
Flash Memory
Flash Memory is a type of EEPROM and is non-volatile.
Characteristics:
o No moving parts, leading to fast access times and low power consumption.
o Used in SSDs, USB drives, and SD cards.
Applications: Commonly used in portable devices like laptops due to its low power
consumption.
Processors
Processor (CPU): Executes software instructions. Modern processors may have
multiple cores (e.g., quad-core processors have four cores).
Processor Cycle: The process of fetching, decoding, and executing instructions.
Processor Speed:
o Measured in clock cycles per second (Hertz, Hz).
o Units: kHz (kilohertz), MHz (megahertz), GHz (gigahertz).
o Multi-core processors can run more slowly than single-core processors,
saving energy and reducing heat, which improves battery life in mobile
devices.
Factors Affecting Performance:
o Clock speed (cycles per second).
o Number of cores.
o Amount of work a CPU can do in each clock cycle.
Important Keywords and Concepts
RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory used to store active programs
and data.
ROM (Read Only Memory): Non-volatile memory used for permanent storage,
such as firmware.
Flash Memory: Non-volatile memory used in SSDs, USB drives, and SD cards.
Processor (CPU): Executes software instructions; speed measured in clock cycles
per second (Hz, kHz, MHz, GHz).
Virtual Memory: Uses secondary storage when RAM is full, slowing down
performance.
Firmware: Software stored in ROM that controls hardware devices.
Multi-core Processors: Processors with multiple cores, improving performance
and energy efficiency.
