CYLINDRICAL STORAGE TANKS

PH =(H-0.3)*liq*g Annular plate requirement L= 0.01723ta[Fy/(H.Ge)]0.5 Ge=G.(1-0.4Ar) PH H - Hydrostatic Pressure in N/m2 - Height of the tank in m - Density of liquid in kg/m3 - Length of annular plate in mm - Thickness of annular plate in mm - Minimum specified yield strength of material in N/m2 - Height of the vessel in m - Effective specific gravity of liquid including seismic coefficients - Design Specific gravity of liquid - Vertical earthquake acceleration coefficient (usually 0.7) - Maximum bending stress on top cover plate in N/m2 - Hydrostatic pressure in N/m2 - Thickness of the top plate - Minimum section modulus of wind girder in cm3 - Diameter of vessel in m - Total height of tank shell including the free board height in m - wind velocity prevailing in surrounding in km/hr - Vertical distance below the intermediate girder and top girder in m - thickness of top shell course in mm - Nominal diameter of tank in m - Design wind speed in km/hr - transposed width of each shell course in mm - actual width of shell course in mm - thickness of top shell course in mm - actual width of shell course in mm - angle of cone elements with horizontal, in degree - diameter of tank in m - total pressure exerted on roof plate in N/m2 - thickness of roof plate in m - modulus of elasticity (usually 2x1011N/m2)

liq
L ta Fy H Ge G Ar Maximum stress on top cover plate due to bending fd= (3/16)x(P.D2/t2)

fd P T

Wind Girders zmin= (D2H/17)x(v/190)2

zmin D H v

Intermediate wind girders. Maximum height of unstiffened shell Hi=9.47t.[(t/D)3]0.5.(190/v)3 wtr=w.(ttop/tact)0.5

Hi t D V wtr w ttop tact D P t E

Design of roof Self supporting Cone roof sin =(D/t)x(P/0.204E)0.5

A= w.cos/(2f)

A w f

- Area of curb angle required to withstand compressive load in cm2 - total load including the weight of roof and superimposed load in kg - angle of cone element with the horizontal in degree (maximum- 370) - allowable stress in kg/cm2 - Area of curb angle cm2 =Area required to resist the compressive force at roof shell junction participating shell and roof area - Net force on the roof in N/m2 - width of shell in compression region in cm - Radius of tank in cm - thickness of top plate in cm - width of roof in compression region in cm - radius of roof - angle of cone element with the horizontal in degree - Nominal plate thickness of roof in cm

Ac= [PD2/(117500 tan)]-0.1wsts0.1wRtR ws =0.19(Rsts) wR=0.095( RRtR) RR=D/(2sin)

Ac

P ws Rs ts wR RR

fT= Di(W+w)lt2.100g 8Hx0.098(Do4-Di4)

tR Ac>A fT - Maximum tensile bending stress in shell plate in N/m2 W - weight of contents in kg w - weight of the empty tank in kg lt - half of the tank height=H/2, in m Di - inside diameter of shell in m Do - outside diameter of shell in m fs W w lt Di Do - Maximum tensile bending stress in shell plate in N/m2 - weight of contents in kg - weight of the empty tank in kg - half of the tank height=H/2, in m - inside diameter of shell in m - outside diameter of shell in m

fs=

4(W+w)lt.g 2H (Do4-Di4)

FLANGES (INTEGRAL TYPE FLANGES)

GASKET dGo = dGi [(y-Pm)/(y-P(m+1))] dGo dGi P m go g1 h DFi Do, Di - Outside diameter of gasket (m) - Inside diameter of gasket (m) - Design pressure (MN/m2) - Gasket factor - Thickness of hub at small end (mm) - Thickness of hub at back of flange (mm) - Hub length (mm) - Diameter of flange ( = outside diameter (mm)) - Outside and inside diameter of flange (mm)

1.5go h (DFi go)/1.82 go h g1 = (Do-Di)/2 = 1.5go = 1.415go

BOLT SPECIFICATION Bolt dia x Pitch (db x Pb) (mm) 12 x 1.5 14 x 1.5 18 x 2 20 x 2 Bolt spacing (BS) (mm) 30 75 (min)-(max) 75 75 75 Abr Pb Nb Am Minimum value of R (mm) 20 22 27 30 - Root area of bolt (mm2) - Pitch of the bolt - Number of bolts (Multiple of 4) - Minimum required bolt area (mm2)

Abr =

(db- 2Pb)2

Nb = Am/Abr

BOLT CIRCLE DIAMETER C1 = B + 2 (g1 + R ) C2 = ( NbBS)/

Larger of C1 and C2 is taken as bolt circle diameter C (mm) B - Outer diameter of flange (mm) g1 - Thickness of hub at back of flange (mm) Nb - Number of bolts BS - Bolt spacing (mm)

CHECK FOR BOLT SPACING

Min bolt spacing = 2db Max bolt spacing = 2db + ( )

t m db

- Flange thickness (mm) - Gasket factor - Bolt diameter (mm)

FLANGE THICKNESS t = G (P/Kf) where K = (0.3+1.5(WmhG/HG))-1

t P Wm H f G hG

- Thickness of flange (mm) - Design pressure (Kgf/cm2) - Total bolt load (Kg) - Hydrostatic end force (Kgf) - Allowable stress (Kgf/cm2) - Diameter at location of gasket load (mm) - Refer code IS 2825:1969

DESIGN OF SKIRT SUPPORT

WIND MOMENTS For vessels with height less than 20m Mw = Pbw (H/2) For vessels with height greater than 20m Mw = Pbw(H/2)+Puw(h1+h2/2) Pbw Puw = K1K2P1h1Do = K1K2P2h2Do Mw Pbw Puw H h1 h2 K1 K2 wind moment(N.m) wind pressure on bottom part of vessel(N) wind pressure on upper part of the vessel(N) height of vessel(m) any height less than 20m height greater than 20m coefficient dependent on shape factor = 1.4 for flat plate perpendicular to wind = 0.7 for cylindrical shapes coefficient dependent on the period of one cycle of vibration of the vessel = 1 if the period of vibration (T) is 0.5s or less = 2 if the period of vibration(T) exceeds 0.5s wind pressure(N) maximum wind velocity in km/hr period of oscillation (vibration) in s corroded wall thickness(m) weight of the vessel shell in KN

Pw

= 0.05 Vw2

Pw Vw T ts W

T = 6.35 x 10-5(H/D)3/2(W/ts)1/2

SEISMIC MOMENTS (if specified only) Ms = {CsWX2(3H-X)}/(3H2) X Cs height at any section from the top of the vessel seismic coefficient If T is less than 4s, the column is considered as rigid for seismic loads and higher value of Cs is to be used = 0.2 for severe seismic zones = 0.1 for medium seismic zones = 0.05 for mild seismic zones Mild Medium Severe 0.4 < T < 1 Cs = 0.02/T Cs = 0.04/T Cs = 0.08/T T>1 0.02 0.04 0.08

STRESSES (All units in SI)

Zsm

= 4Ms/{ts(Di + ts)Di}

Zsm

bending stress due to seismic moments

Zwm

= 4Mw/{ts(Di + ts)Di}

Zwm

bending stress due to wind moments

Zwmin = Wmin/(Dtsupport)

Zwmin longitudinal stress on account of minimum dead weight of vessel Zwmax longitudinal stress on account of maximum dead weight of vessel including all its contents Ztensile maximum tensile stress without any eccentric load Ztensile J f maximum tensile stress = 0 for cylindrical supports = 0.7 for double welded butt joint maximum allowable stress (N/m2)

Zwmax = Wmax/(Dtsupport)

Ztensile = Zwm(min) - Zw(min) Ztensile = fJcos

Zcompressive = Zwm(max) + Zw(max) Zcompressive = 0.125E(t/D)cos

Zcompressive maximum compressive stress or load E t modulus of elasticity of material = 2 x 1011 N/m2 for steel = tsupport

SKIRT BEARING PLATE f tbp = l(3c/f) c l = allowable stress of material of bearing plate (N/m2) maximum compressive stress between the bearing plate and the concrete foundation; ranges from 5.5 to 9.5MN/m2 = difference between the outer radius of bearing plate and the outer radius of skirt in m

To obtain l, the relation used is cmax = (Wmax/A) + {(Mw or Ms)/Z}

area of contact between bearing plate and the concrete foundation m2

A= Z=

(Do l) l Rm2l

section modulus of bearing plate

Rm = (Do l)/2 Alternate Method tbp = (6Mmax/f) Mmax higher value among Mx or My Choose a bearing plate having a suitable (l/b) ratio

Maximum bending moments in the bearing plates with gussets have to be obtained. (l/b) Mx { x=b/2 , y=l } My {x=b/2 , y=0 } 0 1/3 1/2 2/3 1 3/2 2 0 0 0.0078 C b2 0.0293 C b2 0.0558 C b2 0.0972 C b2 0.123 C b2 0.131 C b2 0.133 C b2 0.500 C l2 -0.428 C l2 -0.319 C l2 -0.227 C l2 -0.119 C l2 -0.124 C l2 -0.125 C -0.125 C

Number of gussets required = ( circumference of vessel/spacing between the gusset) - 1 DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLTS The minimum stress between the bearing plate and the boundary of the foundation is given by min = (Wmin/A) (Wmin or Msmin/Z)

If the value of min is positive or zero, it is necessary to determine stability factor j j = (Wmin x R)/(Mw or Ms)

R D0

= 0.42 Do = Do + 2l

If j is greater than 1.5, the vessel need not be anchored to concrete foundation by means of anchor bolts. Number of bolts, n = ( min x A )/(ar x fbolt) ar = root area of bolt = db 2Pb)2

DESIGN OF LUG (BRACKET) SUPPORT

P H Hc c n Wmax Pw My = y2(1+y1) y2 1 Mx = y2(1+y1) (1--)y2 2 Where y1 = (1+) ln(2l/e) y2 = Pbolt/4 e = 0.5[1.5db+0.003] Pbolt = Abr fb tcp = (6Mmax/fb) Design of bottom horizontal plate Pavg = P/(b.l) fb = 0.7Pavg(l2/tb2)(b4/(l4+b4)) Design of web plate fb = 3Pa/twph2 fb h twp
|

P = (4Pw (H Hc))/nc + Wmax/n

total wind force acting on the vessel height of the vessel above the foundation vessel clearance from foundation to vessel bottom diameter of anchor bolt circle number of trays maximum weight of vessel and its attachments Wind load (N) bending moment in x direction bending moment in y direction bolt load of single bolt root area of selected bolt maximum permissible stress of bolting material - Poisson ratio ( usually 0.33) - wrench radius 1 2 0.565 0.135 0.350 0.115 0.211 0.085 0.125 0.057 thickness of compression plate in mm maximum among Mx and My average pressure on the plate maximum stress in a rectangular plate subjected to a pressure Pavg and fixed ends. bending stress at the edge height of the vessel thickness of web plate

Mx My Pbolt Abr fb e b/l 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 tcp Mmax Pavg fb

Maximum compressive stress parallel to the edge of the web plate is given by fb(1/cos) < fc Another method for gusset plate thickness tg = P/2fcl for 60 l/rg 600, fc = 120/(1+L2/18000rg2) rg = (tg2/12) (Hc + H/8) < L < 120rgc for 60 l/rg 600, tg3 [P/24x107]tg [PL2/ 36x1010l] =0 Column support for brackets Bending and direct stress is evaluated as W/An+ We/Zn < fb Check on compressive stress fc < maximum compressive stress fc = [W/An][1+k(le/ryy)2] + We/zn fec=P.a/Z fbend = [Pw/n][L/2]/z

fc

- allowable compressive stress of the material of gusset plate

tg

gusset thickness

rg

least radius of gyration of the gusset

L rgc H tg l Z Cyy b A fbend le k ryy fec

height of the column radius of gyration of column selected tangent to tangent distance of the vessel thickness of gusset width of the gusset -section modulus =Iyy/(b-Cyy) - centre of gravity in cm - width of the flange - sectional area in cm2 - bending stress on column due to wind load - effective length, L/2, m - 1/7500 - radius of gyration - eccentric load

When columns are subjected to direct loads and to the bending produced by eccentric loads simultaneously, the following conditions are to be satisfied (P/X)/fc + [(P.a/X)+Pw(L/2)nZ]/ft 1

ft = 6% excess of fc X = P/fc (minimum cross sectional area available= actual c.s.a if if actual c.s.a > P/fc) Actual c.s.a =(2b+ h)tb Design of base plate Pb bearing pressure (taken as 5.5-9.5MN/m2 if not given) Pb = [Wmax/n][BC] B&C sides of the base plate B=0.8b+2L1 C=0.95h+2L1 Maximum bending moment of the plate(N) is the greater of the moments evaluated by PbL12/2 or PbL22/2 Condition : 6M/t2 < maximum bending stress Check for column height rg minimum radius of gyration in m fc - in MN/m2 fc = 120/[1+(L2/18000rg2)] L - in m tg - thickness of gusset plate rg2 = tg2/12 If the vessel is subjected to internal and external pressure, the axial stress due to pressure( zp) will be added to the axial bending stress( zl) and the two combined stresses should not exceed the allowable tensile strength of the material zp + zl f zp = PDi/4t zl = 3P.a.r2/2(1-2)Ah a t distance from the vessel wall to which column is attached thickness of shell

= [3(1-2)/r2t2]0.25

DESIGN OF VESSELS SUBJECTED TO EXTERNAL PRESSURE

To find the corroded thickness for elastic stability P=K.E.(t/D0)m

t - corroded thickness (m) P - pressure in N/m2 E - Modulus of elasticity in N/m2 D0 - outside diameter in m K and m depends on D0/L L -tangent to tangent length +(2/3)hi in m D0/L 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 K 0.733 0.185 0.224 0.229 0.246 0.516 0.660 0.879 1.572 2.364 5.144 9.037 10.359 - Allowable stress (N/m2) - out of roundness = 1.5 m 3.0 2.6 2.54 2.47 2.43 2.49 2.48 2.49 2.52 2.54 2.61 2.62 2.58

Check for plastic stability For (Do/L) 5, P=2f(t/D0). 1 1+1.5U(1-0.2Do/L) 100(t/Do) For (Do/L) > 5, P=2f(t/D0) Moment of inertia of stiffening ring Ireqd=Do2.L(t+As/L)f 12E

f U

As

-Cross sectional area of stiffening ring