Artifacts

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Acoustic Shadowing (Drop Out)

-occurs whe the ultrasound beam interacts with a highly attenuating structure -beam can be attenuated by absorption or total reflection or refraction

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Dirty Shadowing description Dirty Shadowing occur Edge Effect

flare-like array of echoes that fade as they get farther from the source occur distal to gas or air containing structures, and are the result of multiple internal relections taking place between the bubbles of gas

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Artifact cause of Comet Tail cause of Ring down

-not a true representation of real anatomy tiny (microscopic, usually globular), highly attenuating structures occurs when 2 strongley reflecting interfaces are parallel to one another. sound bounces back and forth between surfaces, each time sending some signal back to system -sherical -thin smooth walls -anechoic (black inside) -edge artifact -posterior enhancement -bright posterior and anterior wall reflections due to the mismatch -complete absence of ultrasound transmission byond the attenuating structure, due to the almost complete reflecion. Very dense, probably stiff -bone -calcifications -gall stones -IUCD's -surgical clips black "shadow" following down that stays symetrical to the attenuating structure
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Characteristics of a simple cyst

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Clean Shadowing

Edge Effect is caused by Electronic Noise

-Redraction -Total Internal Reflection -a degree of electronic noise is inherent in all ultrasound systems -appears as a low level "haze" in image -minimized by decreasing the overall gain -brightening of echoes around the focus because of narrowing of the beam at the focus -reduced by TGC adjustment or eliminated by removing focal zones

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Clean Shadowing produced by

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Focal Zone (banding) Artifact Mirror Image Artifact

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Clean Shadowing, description Comet Tail

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Comet Tail, description Dirty Shadowing

-nondirectional -reverberation echoes radiating away from source, small and closely spaced -multiple irregular, ill-shaped echoes beyond an attenuating structure. -not really a true shadow

Mirror Image Artifact occurs when

sound interacts with a highly curved specular reflector like bladder wall or diaphragm.

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Mirror Image Artifact, description

a portion of sound is reflected from a structure and redirected towards a curced specular reflector before it returs tot he transducer, the system will place this reflection deeper that its actual depth within the image because of the longer "go return" time. the path the sound takes to a reflector is different to its path returning to the transducer because the "go & return" time is longer due to the indirect path the reflection takes, the echo will be positioned improperly on the image (usually deeper that it really is). echoes are usually weak due to longer path time and therefore higher attenuation -specific to Doppler -due to the pulse reprtitio frquency (PRF) in pulsed Dopple imaging and results in an artifact referred to as signal aliasing -occurs when a pulse is emitted before all echoes from the previous pulse have been recieved. -decreasing overall gain -changing the angle of interrogation -(bladder) have patient partially void -decrease overall gain, TCG in near field -change angle of interrogation -the beam will be refracted or bent at the edges of the structure and result in an area of shadowing distal to the point of refraction. zero amplitude makes the black area displayed. -tissue & fluid -ex: Cysts, gallbladder

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Ring Down

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Multipath Reflection Artifact occurs when Multipath Reflection, description

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Ring Down description

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-first signal is real, subsequent srtifacts will be placed on the scren at anequal parallel distance, each artifact will have less and less intensity because of attenuation, untill sound is totally exhausted -focal location &/or number of focals -out put power -overall gain -TGC -change angle of interrogation -change probe position -have patient change respiration -reposition patient

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Range Ambiguity

Scanning Techniques: manipulate system controls by Scanning Techniques: manipulate the way sound interacts with the region of interest Side Lobe Artifact

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Reduce or eliminate Mirror Image by Reduce Ring Down by Refraction description

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multiple low intensity beams (1/100 of the main beam) located outside the main beam. -produced by all transducers, greater in phased array transducers -occurs when side loves interact with curved specular reflectors such as the diaphragm, and reflect back to the transducer, and artifact will ovvur -transducer assumes all echoes have originated from the main path of the beam and displays them as such -reduced by changing angle of interrogation or by adjusting overall gain -also called balloning effect -when an extremely large acoustic mismatch is present at an ingerface the ultrasound signal may apppear with more intensity than is appropriate for that interfac-Ex: Gallbladder surrounding with ascited (fluid filled, surrounded by fluid), GB wall is amplified, making the wall appear artifactually thick reducing overall gain

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Refraction occurs

-when the edges of a curved stucture where the sound travels from a medium with HIGH velocity to a mudium with LOW velocity of sound. -sound strikes an interface at an oblique angle and the two media propagate sound with different velocities.

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Signal Amplification

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Reverberation, definition Reverberations, types

caused by multile relections, most common

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-Ring down -Comet Tail -Multipath reflections -Mirror artifacts

Signal Amplification reduced by

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Slice Thickness Artifact

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Through Transmission occure Tissue Velocity

when sound travels through a fluid filled medium (cyst, bladder) and the sound undergoes less attenuation when compared to the surrounding soft tissues. -when the velocity of sound through a tissue is significantly faster or slower than 1540 m/s -since sound travels slower through a fluid filled structure (cyst), the posterior wall will be displayed lower -sound will be reflected off the curved surface and an area of shadowing will occur distal to the point of reflection -no echo sent back, so a black line will appear on screen. -at the edges of curved structures where the beam travels from medium of LOW velocity to a HIGH velocity and where the interface has a high acoustic mismatch that creates a strong reflector -bright reflector (bone) surrounded by fluid

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Total Internal Reflection description

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Slice Thickness Artifact

-beamwidth artifact -Z plane of beam, echoes from Z are averaged -If the tissues in Z differ (GB and bowel) a representation of the echointensity of the tissue at that level will be displayed -minimized by scanning through center of a cystic structure or reducing overall gain.

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Total Internal Reflection occurs

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Through Transmission

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Through Transmission

-also known as acoustic enhancement -through trans. referes to the path, enhancement referes to the result. -at each place the beam passes through something, it looses power from reflections, absorptions, and loss of heat. -eventhough its the same tissue, beam looses no power whenit gois through fluid filled structure. a very weakly atenuating artifact will be a bright band of echoes extending behind (posterior) the cystic structure. Intensity or brightness of enhancement depends on the length of the fluid path. adgjusting the TGC. It is important to display like tissues ith the same image intensity regardless of their depth within the image.

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Through Transmission description

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Through Transmission is decreased by