CT Dredging Soil Lecture1a 2012

1
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
What and why dredging
Content lectures
Processes in dredging
Physical soil characteristics
Bulking factor
Relative density
Course
Harbors & Coast
and
Dredging
year 2012
Course
Harbors & Coast
and
Dredging
year 2012
Soil mechanical aspects of dredging
Soil parameters relevant for dredging processes
Reinder Meinsma
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
Objective Lectures
Introduction into
The relationship between soil properties and
dredging (earth moving)
The interaction between soil and water
(hydraulics)
Objective Lectures
Introduction into
The relationship between soil properties and
dredging (earth moving)
The interaction between soil and water
(hydraulics)
2
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
Assumption for these lectures
Basic knowledge about
Fluid mechanics
Hydraulic engineering
Geotechnics
Assumption for these lectures
Basic knowledge about
Fluid mechanics
Hydraulic engineering
Geotechnics
Book:
DredgingTechnology (Lecture notes). G.L.M. van der Schrieck
CT5300 Delft University, jan 2010
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
Relationship between soil properties and
dredging processes
dredging processes
Soil properties, great influence on:
Deployability, production of the dredger
Design and execution of the dredging works
Stability
Settlement
Dynamic behavior of the soil
Interaction soil and water
Soil properties, great influence on:
Deployability, production of the dredger
Design and execution of the dredging works
Stability
Settlement
Dynamic behavior of the soil
Interaction soil and water
3
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
dredging processes
dredging processes
Example Harbor deepening
Example Harbor deepening
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
4 phases:
excavation
lifting
transportation
disposal
4 phases:
excavation
lifting
transportation
disposal
Backhoe
Bucket dredger
Cutter suction
dredger
Plain suction
dredger
Trailer suction
hopper dredger
Loading pontoon or
own loading device
Hopper or barge
Pipe line
Barge unloading
device
Sand fill
4
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
excavating
Hydraulically
Cutting
Mixture /drawing up
Transportation
(Barge) ship, Dumper
Pipeline
Conveyor belt
Dispose
under water
above water
dump, rain bowing
excavating
Hydraulically
Cutting
Mixture /drawing up
Transportation
(Barge) ship, Dumper
Pipeline
Conveyor belt
Dispose
under water
above water
dump, rain bowing
Soil mechanical aspects
Loss & compacte sands
Cutting of sand
contractant (decrease of volume)
dilatant (increase of volume)
Cutting of clay
Schearstrength (undrained)
Cutting of rock
point load
fragmentatie
hydraulically
mechanically
plasticity
density
strength
density (relative density)
accessibility (stability)
settling
Soil mechanical aspects
Loss & compacte sands
Cutting of sand
contractant (decrease of volume)
dilatant (increase of volume)
Cutting of clay
Schearstrength (undrained)
Cutting of rock
point load
fragmentatie
hydraulically
mechanically
plasticity
density
strength
density (relative density)
accessibility (stability)
settling
Specific energy E
spec
, energy needed to
cut one m
3
soil. Expressed kJ/m
3
. The
power in kW needed to cut one m
3
of soil
per sec (kW= kJ/sec)
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
Processes in dredging example
Processes in dredging example
Case IJburg
Case IJburg
5
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
Book chapter 7 soil mechanical aspects
Book chapter 7 soil mechanical aspects
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
Handout
Some Definitions
wet density
n
,
w
,
b
(kg/m
3
) of
sat
(kN/m
3
)
dry density
d
,
dry
, (kg/m
3
) of (kN/m
3
)
specific density
k
,
s
,
p
(kg/m
3
) of
spec
(kN/m
3
watercontent w
porosity n (pore content)
Void ratio e (pore number)
Air content v
l
Degree of saturation S
r
Handout
Some Definitions
wet density
n
,
w
,
b
(kg/m
3
) of
sat
(kN/m
3
)
dry density
d
,
dry
, (kg/m
3
) of (kN/m
3
)
specific density
k
,
s
,
p
(kg/m
3
) of
spec
(kN/m
3
watercontent w
porosity n (pore content)
Void ratio e (pore number)
Air content v
l
Degree of saturation S
r
6
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
Fill in the table Home work
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
Pore number e (void ratio)
and Pore content n
(porosity)
Definition
Porosity n
Void ratio e
Pore number e (void ratio)
and Pore content n
(porosity)
Definition
Porosity n
Void ratio e
water grain
wet grain
n

= ( ) e
e
n
+
=
1
( ) n
n
e
=
1
( ) n
n
e
=
1
During shearing it depends on the value of the actual in situ
porosity n1 or n2 relative to the value of the so called Critical
density at porosity n
crit
n
min
n
max
n
crit
n value range dilitant behavior n value range compactant behavior
n1 n2
( )
w r k n
n S n + = 1
k grain
=
n wet
=
7
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
Contractant & Dilatant behavior
Contractant & Dilatant behavior
Engineering applications:
Volume change tendency
Strength
Engineering applications:
Volume change tendency
Strength
Simple cubic (SC), e = 0.91,
Compactant behavior
Cubic-tetrahedral (CT), e = 0.65, Dilate
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
Bulking factor
Bulking factor
Bulking factor (B)
Result of dredging (excavating) soil
Increase of the pore volume (n)
Definition
Bulking factor (B)
Result of dredging (excavating) soil
Increase of the pore volume (n)
Definition
volume situ in
volume dredged
B =
8
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
Bulking factor
Bulking factor
Calculation of the bulking factor B
Keep in mind the volume changes not the quantity
of solid matter
Porosity
Dry density
Wet density
Calculation of the bulking factor B
Keep in mind the volume changes not the quantity
of solid matter
Porosity
Dry density
Wet density
( ) ( )
2 2 1 1
1 1 n V n V =
( ) ( )
2 2 1 1 d d
V V =
( ) ( ) ( )
w n n
V V V V + =
2 1 2 2 1 1
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
Bulking factor
Bulking factor
Task: project Sand mining
Dredging and transport cycle
100.000 m
3
of in situ sand is dredged
What is the amount of sand (m3) when:
a) transported in the barges?
b) measured in the sand fill?
9
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
Bulking factor
Bulking factor
Task: project Sand mining 100.000 m
3
of insitu sand is dredged
What is the amount of sand (m3) when:
a) transported in the barges?
b) measured in the sand fill?
Answer:
a) If
situ
= 2010 kg/m
3
means a porosity (n
situ
) of 38,8%.
For the 100.000 m
3
sand in situ only 85% (85.000 m
3
insitu sand) is transported
by the barges. The transported sand contains (1-n
situ
)= 61,2% of grains, so
61,2% *85.000 m
3
= 52.020 m
3
of dry matter (grains). Measured in the barge with
an porosity n of 45% means that 52.020/(1-0,45) = 94.582 m
3
is transported by
the barges.
b) At the sandfill the porosity is decreased to 40%. The volume of sand is now
52.020/(1-0,6) = 86.700 m
3
of which 5% is washed by the dewatering boxes. So
at the sandfill only 95% of 86.700 m
3
is measured (82.365 m
3
)
( )
w r k n
n S n + = 1
100.000 m
3
95.000 m
3 82.000 m
3
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
Answer:
Water content =23% = (
n
-
d
)/
d
dry density (
d
) = 1870/1.23 =1520 kg/m
3
pore volume (n) = 1-(
d
/
k
) = 1-(1520/2600) = 0.415
so volume water per m
3
= (0.23*1520)/1000 = 0.35
A) The required layer height is 0.75m, the minimum layer to be constructed
is around (1700/1520) * 0.75 = 0.84m
B) The pore volume after compaction is n= 1-1700/2600= 0.346
the volume water per m3 was 0.35 and fills now the pores so
W =around 100%
C) Waterpressure measurements
Bulking factor
Bulking factor
Question 2
A layer of sand is constructed. The height of the sandlayer is to determined at a later stage.
The subsoil is rather hard, so no settling is expected.
The layer is compacted quiet short after it has been disposed. The density of the disposed sand is 1870 kg/m3. The
water content is 23% and the specific density of the grains is 2600 kg/m3.
After compaction the dry density of the sand must be at least 1700 kg/m3. The height of the sand layer must be at
least 0.75m.
Asked.
A What is the initial height of the sandlayer before compaction? In other words what is the height of the layer to be
disposed?
B What is the water content after compaction?
C What kind of extra mitigating measurements would you use in order to check if the dry density is required?
Task : Sand fill
10
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
Relative density
Relative density
The packing of sand has two extremes
Loose packed sands n
loose
= n
max
Dense packed sands n
dence
= n
min
Relative density (parameter for non cohesion soils).
Is says something about the state of compaction
The in situ density of sands after disposal is
expressed in relative density.
Relative means how the density of sand is
related to the extremes. so
Maximum density at a porosity (n) of 0%.
Minimum density at a porosity (n) of 100%.
The packing of sand has two extremes
Loose packed sands n
loose
= n
max
Dense packed sands n
dence
= n
min
Relative density (parameter for non cohesion soils).
Is says something about the state of compaction
The in situ density of sands after disposal is
expressed in relative density.
Relative means how the density of sand is
related to the extremes. so
Maximum density at a porosity (n) of 0%.
Minimum density at a porosity (n) of 100%.
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
Relative density
Absolute value of soil density not so
important what matters is how dense is
the soil relative to its maximum possible
value and its minimum possible value
Absolute value of soil density not so
important what matters is how dense is
the soil relative to its maximum possible
value and its minimum possible value
min max
max
n n
n n
Dr
situ
=
Densest possible state (e
min
, or
dmax
)
(obtained by vibration under load)
I
D
1 or 100%
Loosest (stable) state (e
max
, or
dmin
)
(obtained by pouring with funnel)
Density index I
D
(relative
density)
where density lies in the range
min. to max. -
or rather where void ratio lies
between loosest (e
max
) and
densest (e
min
) state
min max
max
e e
e e
I
situ
D
=
I
D
(%) 0 15 15 35 35 65 65 85 85 100
State Very loose Loose Medium Dense Very dense

11
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
Relative (compaction) density
Relative (compaction) density
R
n
(D
r
) relative porosity content
R
e
relative void ratio or I
D
density index
R
n
(D
r
) relative porosity content
R
e
relative void ratio or I
D
density index
% 100 % 100
max
min
min max
max
=
n drmi dr
dr dr
r
n n
n n
D

% 100
1 1
1 1
% 100
max min
min
min max
max
(
(
(
(
=
d d
dr d
D
e e
e e
I

Extreme values :
- maximum density (
dry max
). n
min
- minimum density (
dry min
). n
max
- Critical density (
dry crit
)
Laboratory tests
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
Relative density
Relative density
Relative density D
r
is defined as:
Relative density D
r
is defined as:
( ) % 100
min max
max
=
n n
n n
D
r
( ) % 100
min max
max
=
e e
e e
I
D
100
1
1
min
=
situ
D
n
n
Dr I
12
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
In the field
In the field
How to estimate Re;insitu
Now exact method yet (we are
working on it)
Present use CPT tests and
correlations like Baldi et al.
How to estimate Re;insitu
Now exact method yet (we are
working on it)
Present use CPT tests and
correlations like Baldi et al.
( )
|
|
\
|
=
1
'
ln
1
0 2
C
c
r
C
q
C
D
= vertical effective strain [MPa]

q
c
= cone pressure [MPa]
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
In the field
In the field
What to do??
Adjust design
Compacting
Adjusted Dredging methods
What to do??
Adjust design
Compacting
Adjusted Dredging methods
13
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
Relative density
Relative density
task
question nr 3
Study the handout Soil related to relative density
Hand outs presented on the BB
task
question nr 3
Study the handout Soil related to relative density
Hand outs presented on the BB
CT - lecture 1
Introduction
Content lectures
Bulking factor
Relative density
Questions so far

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= vertical effective strain [MPa]

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