On Radical Formula over Free Modules with Two Generators

Seil eken and Mustafa Alkan

Akdeniz University Department of Mathematics Antalya, Turkey
Abstract. In this paper, we study on the module M = R R over a commutative ring R with identity. After characterizing the radical of a submodule N of M, we give some conditions for N to satisfy the radical formula. In particular, we show that R R satisfy the radical formula if R is an arithmetical ring.
Keywords: Prime submodule, Radical submodule, Radical Formula PACS: 2010 MSC:13A18,13C13,13C99

INTRODUCTION
Throughout this paper, we consider R to be a commutative ring with identity and M to be an Rmodule with unitary. We denote the set of positive integers by Z+ . A proper submodule N of M is called a prime submodule if rm N for r R and m M implies that either m N or r P = (N : M). Then clearly P is a prime ideal but N does not need to be prime whenever P is a prime ideal of R, which is the well known conjecture on prime submodules. Let N be a submodule of M. The radical of N in M, denoted by RadM N, is dened to be the intersection of all prime submodule of M containing N. If there is no prime submodule of containing N, then we put RadM N = M. The envelope submodule REM (N) of N in M is a submodule of M generated by the set EM (N) = {rm : r R and m M such that rn m N for some n Z+ }. It is clear that (N : M)M REM (N) RadM N. In [9], McCasland and Moore proved that (N : M)M = RadM N for a submodule N of a nitely generated multiplication module M. In [10], they called that; i) N satisfy the radical formula (s.t.r.f.) in M if RadM N = REM (N), ii) M satisfy the radical formula (s.t.r.f.) if every submodule of M s.t.r.f. in M, iii) R satises the radical formula (s.t.r.f.) if every Rmodule M s.t.r.f.. The question of what kinds of rings and modules s.t.r.f. has drawn the attention of many authors ([1],[2],[3], [4], [6], [8], [13], and [14] ). In [6], Jenkins and Smith proved that Dedekind domains s.t.r.f. After that, in [8] Leung and Man proved that if R is a Noetherian domain with dimR 1 then R s.t.r.f. if and only if R R s.t.r.f. if and only if R is a Dedekind domain. In [3], Azizi proved that every arithmetical ring R with dimR 1 satisfy the radical formula. Then in [4], Buyruk and PusatYlmaz proved that if R is Prfer domain then the Rmodule R R satises the radical formula. In this paper, we go on studying the module M = R R over a commutative ring R and our aim is to characterize what kind of submodule of M satisfy the radical formula. We x the following notations for the rest of this paper. Unless stated otherwise, R denotes a commutative ring with identity. We use M to denote an Rmodule R R and N to be a nonzero submodule of M generated by the set {(ai , bi ) M : i }. Also we use the notation i j to indicate i j = ai b j bi a j and I = i Rai + i Rbi .

RADICAL SUBMODULE AND FORMULA

Let us start by characterizing (N : M). Then Lemma 1 Let M and N be as above. Then i, j R Proof Let
ij ij

(N : M)

i, j R

i j.

= ai b j bi a j . Then for all i, j , we get (ai b j bi a j )(1, 0) = (ai b j bi a j , 0) = b j (ai , bi ) bi (a j , b j ) (ai b j bi a j )(0, 1) = (0, ai b j bi a j ) = ai (a j , b j ) a j (ai , bi )

Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics ICNAAM 2011 AIP Conf. Proc. 1389, 333-336 (2011); doi: 10.1063/1.3637757 2011 American Institute of Physics 978-0-7354-0956-9/$30.00

333

and so i, j R i j (N : M). Let x (N : M). Then there exists a nite subset of such that x(1, 0) = i ti (ai , bi ) and x(0, 1) = i ki (ai , bi ) for all i and ti , ki R . Then x = i ti ai , x = i ki bi , 0 = i ti bi and 0 = i ki ai . Thus we have x2 = i ti ki ai bi + i j,i= j ti k j ai b j 0 = i ti ki ai bi + i j ,i= j t j ki a j bi Therefore x2 = i j ,i= j t j ki
ij

i, j R

ij

and so x

i, j R

i j.

Now we note that (N : M) = i, j R i j I since i, j R i j I. In [12], PusatYlmaz and Smith dened the submodule K(N, P) = {m M : cm N + PM for c R\P}. Then they showed that it is the smallest Pprime submodule containing N and so RadM N = {K(N, P) : P is a prime ideal}. Now we give a distinct characterization for K(N, P) and RadM N. Lemma 2 Let M and N be as above and P be a prime ideal of R. Then K(N, P) = M or K(N, P) = P P or K(N, P) = {(m, n) M : for all i , mbi nai P}. Proof Let P be a prime ideal of R. Assume (N : M) is not contained in P and c (N : M)\P. Then cM N and so M K(N, P). Now assume (N : M) P. Consider following two cases: i) Let i Rai + Rbi P. Then PM contains N and since PM is a Pprime submodule of M, we get that K(N, P) = P P. ii) Let i Rai + Rbi is not contained in P. Then we can assume that a1 P and consider the submodule / TP = {(m, n) M : for all i , mbi nai P}. It is clear that N Tp . Now we prove that TP is a prime submodule of M. Let r (TP : M). Then we get r(0, 1) TP and so r P. Hence (TP : M) = P since the the other inclusion is clear. Assume that rm TP where r R\P and m = (x, y) M. Then we get r(xbi yai ) P and xbi yai P for all i . Then (x, y) TP and so it is a Pprime submodule of M. Let (m, n) TP . Then there is p P such that a1 n = mb1 + p and so a1 (m, n) = (a1 m, a1 n) = (a1 m, mb1 ) + (0, p) = m(a1 , b1 ) + (0, p) N + PM / Since a1 P, we get that (m, n) K(N, P) and so TP K(N, P). This completes the proof. Theorem 3 Let M and N be as above. Then RadM N = {(m, n)

IM : for all i , mbi nai (N : M)}

(N : M)}.

In particular, for (a, b) N, RadM N R = {(x, y) M : ay bx

Proof Let K be the set of prime of ideals containing (N : M) and L = {P K : I P}. Then by Lemma 2, IM = PL K(N, P) and so we get RadM N = PK K(N, P) = ( IM) {PK L {(m, n) M : for all i , mbi nai P}} Then RadM N = {(m, n) IM : for all i , mbi nai (N:M)P P}. Let (m, n) Rad M N. Take an element (a, b) N. Then we get that a = t1 a1 + ... + tn an and b = t1 b1 + ... + tn bn for some ti R(i = 1, ..., n). Then for all i , we get that mbi = nai + pi for some pi (N : M) and so mbiti = naiti + piti and then m(t1 b1 + ... + tn bn ) = n(t1 a1 + ... + tn an ) + p1t1 + ... + pntn Therefore, mb na (N : M) and so RadM N R = {(x, y) M : ay bx (N : M)}.

Theorem 4 Let N have the subset {(x j , y j ) : j } such that j Rx j + Ry j = R. Then RadM N = (N : M)M + N = REM (N).

334

Proof By the hypothesis, we may assume that is nite set. Then we get that 1 = j t j x j + s j y j for some t j , s j R. On the other hand, (x j , y j ) = i z ji (ai , bi ) for some z ji R and so 1 = j i z jit j ai + zi j s j bi . Hence I = R and 1 = i ki ai + li bi for some ki , li R. Then by Theorem 3, this gives us that RadM N ={(m, n) M : for all i , mbi nai (N : M)}. Let (m, n) Rad M N and so mbi = nai + ri for some ri (N : M) and all i . It follows that m = i ki ai m + li (bi m) = i ki ai m + li (nai + ri ) = i ki ai m + li nai + li ri and n = i ki (ai n) + li bi n = i ki mbi ki ri + li bi n = i ki mbi + li bi n ki ri . Hence, we get that (m, n) = i (ki mi + li n)(ai , bi ) + ri (li , ki ) N + (N : M)M. This completes the proof since (N : M)M + N REM (N) RadM N. Corollary 5 If N has the element (x, y) such that either x or y is invertible then N s.t.r.f. in M. Theorem 6 If I (N : M). Then RadM N = (N : M)M = REM (N) Proof Let I : M). Then I = (N : M) and RadM N = {(m, n) IM : for all i , mbi nai I}. (N so Then since ai , bi I for all i, we get that RadM N = IM = I I. On the other hand, take rm IM where r I and m M. Then we get rt (N : M) for t Z+ and so rt m N. Hence IM REM (N). Theorem 7 Let N be a submodule of M with the element (x,tx) or (tx, x) for some t R and 0 = x R. If is a prime ideal and I = Rx. Then N s.t.r.f. in M. (N : M)

Proof Let (x, xt) N. Take (m, n) RadM N. It follows that (m, n) R by Theorem 3 and so nx mxt = x(n mt) (N : M). Then we have two cases: i) If x (N : M), then by Theorem 6, it follows that RadM N = (N : M)M = REM (N). ii) If (n mt) p (N : M) then (m, n) = (m, mt + p) = (m, mt) + (0, p) I(1,t) + (N : M)M. Now it is = the enough to show I(1,t) REM (N) for complete proof. Take y I and so yl = kx for l Z+ and k R. It l (1,t) = k(x, xt) N and so I(1,t) RE (N). follows that y M Recall that a ring R is said to be an arithmetical ring, if for all ideals L, J and K of R we have L + (J K) = (L + J) (L + K), or equivalently for each prime ideal P of R, any two ideals of the ring RP are comparable. Obviously Prfer domains and Dedekind domains are arithmetical. In [4, Theorem 2.4], for a Prfer domain R it is proved that R R is s.t.r.f. By using Theorem 7, we obtain the following corollary which gives us a generalization of Theorem 2.4 in [4]. Theorem 8 Let R be a arithmetical ring and N be a submodule of M. Then N s.t.r.f. in M. Proof We can assume that any two ideals of R is comparable by [7, Proposition 1.8] and so take an element of RadM N as (m, mt). Then m i Rai + Rbi and so for n, l Z+ , we have that ml Ra1 + Rb1 + ... + Ran + Rbn . Since every ideal of R is comparable, we get that ml Ry where y {a1 , b1 , ..., an , bn } and so ml = ry for r R. Now we get two cases either y (N : M) or not. Now assume that y (N : M) then ml = ry (N : M) and m (N : M). Then m(1,t) (N : M)M REM (N). If y (N : M), then again we have two subcases i)(y, ky) N or ii)(ky, y) N for k R. / i) Let (y, ky) N. Since (m, mt) R, we get that y(mt mk) (N : M). Then mt mk = p (N : M) and so (m, mt) = (m, mk) + (0, p). On the other hand, by the proof of Theorem 7, we get that m(1, k) REM (N) and so (m, mk) + (0, p) REM (N) + (N : M)M = REM (N).

335

ii) If (ky, y) N then by the same argument (i), the proof is completed. Theorem 9 Let R be a domain and (N : M) = 0. Then for a xed t , RadM N = {(m, n) IM : mbt = nat }. In particular, if I = R then RadM N = N is a prime submodule of M. Proof Let R be a domain. Then (N : M) = 0 and so i j = ai b j bi a j = 0 for all i, j . Then by Theorem 3, we have that RadM N = {(m, n) IM : mbi = nai for all i }. Let (m, n) IM and mbt = nat for a xed t . Since (N : M) = 0, we get that it = 0 for all i and so bi at = ai bt . Then for all i , we get that nat ai = mbt ai = mbi at and so nai = mbi . Therefore, Rad M N = {(m, n) IM : mbt = nat }. In particular, if I = R, then we get that RadM N = N = REM (N) by Theorem 4 and also clearly N is prime. Corollary 10 Let R be domain and N be a a submodule of M with the element (x,tx) for some t R and 0 = x R If (N : M) = 0 and I = Rx, then RadM N = I(1,t). Proof Take (m, n) RadM N. It follows that (m, n) R by Theorem 3 and so nx = mxt and so n = mt. Then we have that (m, n) I(1,t) and so RadM N = I(1,t). Theorem 11 Let R be a one dimensional domain and either (x, xt) N ((tx, x) N) for x,t R or (N : M) = 0. Then N s.t.r.f. in M. Proof Let M be a maximal ideal of R. It is enough to show that NM s.t.r.f. in MM . Case i) assume that (N : M) = 0 and so 0 = (N : M)M (NM :RM MM ). Since RM is a local one dimensional ring, we get that (NM :RM MM ) is a maximal ideal of RM and it follows that i RM ai + RM bi is equal to either (NM :RM MM ) or RM . Let i RM ai + RM bi = (NM :RM MM ), then by Theorem 6, we get that RadM NM = (NM :RM MM )MM and so NM s.t.r.f. in MM . Let i RM ai + RM bi = RM then by Theorem 4, NM s.t.r.f in MM . Case ii) now assume that (N : M) = 0 and (x, xt) N. We note that for any a, b R, Ra + Rb is equal to Ry for all y Ra + Rb or R if R is a local one dimensional ring. Then it follows that either i RM ai + RM bi = RM x or i RM ai + RM bi = RM and so by using Theorem 7 or Theorem 4 respectively, we get that NM s.t.r.f. in MM . Acknowledgement: The author was supported by the Scientic Research Project Administration of Akdeniz University.

REFERENCES
Alkan, M, Tiras, Y. On prime submodules Rocky. Moun. J. Math 37, ;(2007), 709-722. Alkan, M, Tiras, Y. Projective modules and prime submodules Czech. Math. J. 56 (2), (2006) 601-611. A.Azizi, Radical formula and Prime Submodules,J.Algebra 307 (2007) 454460. D. Buyruk and D. PusatYilmaz, Modules over Prfer Domains Which Satisfy The Radical Formula, Glasgow Math J. 49 (1) (2007) 12713. 5. C. P. Lu. Prime Submodules of Modules, Comm. Math. Univ. Sancti Pauli 33 (1984), 61-69. 6. J. Jenkins and P. F. Smith, On the prime radical of a module over a commutative ring, Comm. Algebra, 20(12), (1992), 3593-9602. 7. H.Sharif, Y.Sharif and S. Namazi Rings Satisng The Radical Formula Acta Math. Hungar. 71 (12) (1996); 103-108 8. K.H. Leung and H. S. Man, On Commutative Noetherian Rings which satisfy the radical formula Glasgow Math J. 39 (1997) 285293. 9. R. L. McCasland and M. E. Moore, On Radicals of Submodules of Finitely Generated Modules, Canad. Math. Bull. 29 (1) (1986) 3739. 10. R. L. McCasland and M. E. Moore, On Radicals of Submodules, Comm. Algebra 19 (1991), 13271341. 11. R. L. McCasland and M. E. Moore, On Prime Submodules, Comm. Algebra 20 (1992), 18031817. 12. D. PusatYilmaz and P.F.Smith, Radicals of Submodules of Free Modules, Comm. In Alg. 27(5), (1999), 22532266 . 13. P.F. Smith, Primary modules over commutative rings, Glasgow Math. J. 43. (2001), 103111. 14. Tiras, Y. Alkan, M. Prime modules and submodules Comm. in Algebra 31 (2003) 5253-5261. 1. 2. 3. 4.

336