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    ChE

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    81 views45 pages

    1 Introduction To Agro-Industrial Waste Management

    Uploaded by

    Karizze Narciso
    ChE

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 45

    CHE 180 AGRO –I NDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAG EM ENT

    LECTURE 1
    After this chapter, the student should be able to define the scope of
    agro-industrial waste management. The specific learning outcomes
    shall be the following:

    1. Discuss the role of agricultural production and agro-industries to the


    socio-economic growth of the Philippines;
    2. Define agro-industries in terms of raw materials and types of
    products;
    3. Discuss the different nature of waste generation from agro-industrial
    processes;
    4. Establish importance of waste management to sustainable
    development of agro-industries; and
    5. Enumerate the current trend of activities in agro-industrial waste
    management.
    1.1

    ▪ Focused on farming and husbandry for


    various forms of services such as food,
    clothing, medicine, energy, and other
    products

    ▪ Came from the terms ager, which means


    field, and cultura, which means cultivation
    or growing

    ▪ Areas:
    Crop Production
    Livestock Raising
    Agricultural Marketing
    1.1

    PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE
    ▪ Socio-economic development
    ▪ PhP 700 billion average GDP contribution
    (10.02% of national GDP) with 2.08% annual
    growth
    ▪ USD 6,770 million worth of exports (11% of
    total exports)
    ▪ 30 million hectares potential agricultural
    lands (Briones, 2004)
    ▪ 11.21 million farmers and fishers (30.05% of
    total labor force) feeding 100 million Filipinos
    1.1

    TOP COMMODITIES (PSA, 2014)

    COMMODITY GROSS VALUE SHARE


    ADDED %
    (million pesos)
    Palay 147, 921 20.61
    Fisheries 130, 495 18.18
    Livestock 95, 885 13.36
    Poultry 77, 930 10.86
    Corn 42, 162 5.87
    Banana 32, 501 4.53
    Coconut 22, 987 3.90
    Mango 16, 179 2.25
    1.1

    TOP EXPORTS
    ▪ Coconut oil
    ▪ Fresh bananas
    ▪ Tuna
    ▪ Pineapple and products
    ▪ Tobacco
    ▪ Desiccated coconut
    ▪ Seaweeds & carrageenan
    ▪ Centrifugal sugar
    1.1
    LAND USE
    ▪ 11.134 M out of 30 M ha of
    potential agricultural lands
    (Briones, 2004)
    ▪ By the year 2045, the
    country’s population is
    projected to be 142 million
    based on a 1.9 percent
    annual growth rate recorded
    in 2010 census (Philippine
    Statistics Authority, 2015).
    1.1
    GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS
    (Dept. of Agriculture, 2014)

    ▪ National Rice Program


    ▪ National Corn Program
    ▪ National Livestock Program
    ▪ National Fisheries Program
    ▪ National Organic Agriculture
    Program
    ▪ Infrastructure Development
    ▪ Market Development
    Service
    ▪ Credit Guarantee and
    Insurance Program
    1.2

    artifacts of farming tools

    ancient paper making in China


    EARLY PRACTICES OF
    AGRO-INDUSTRIES

    ancient Greek wine jars


    1.2

    IMPORTANCE OF AGRO-INDUSTRIES
    ▪ 40.26% of GDP share from
    industrial sector (33.4% of national
    GDP)
    ▪ +1.9% national annual population
    growth; 142 million population by
    year 2045
    ▪ Significant global impact on socio-
    economic development and
    poverty reduction in both urban
    and rural communities (UNFAO,
    1999)
    1.2

    AGRO-INDUSTRIES DEFINED
    ▪ Agricultural manufacturing
    ▪ Cover all post-harvest operations till
    the material reaches the desired
    form, packaging, quantity, quality,
    and price
    ▪ Fusion of industrial technology and
    agricultural production
    ▪ Large scale
    1.2

    OVERVIEW OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

    – the use of machines, tools, and labor to produce


    goods for use or sale
    – raw materials (agricultural products) are processed
    into systems to transform them into finished goods

    Raw Desired
    Material Product
    PROCESS
    1.2

    AGRO-INDUSTRIES DEFINED
    ▪ Food, beverages, and tobacco
    ▪ Non-food product
    ▪ Bioenergy
    1.2

    Agro-industrial products and sources.


    Sources
    PRODUCT
    Plant Animal

    FOOD & BEVERAGES


    - Food Cereal grains, root crops, Meat from livestock,
    fruits and vegetables poultry, and fish; Poultry
    Vegetable oil eggs
    Oil seeds Animal fat

    - Beverage Sugar cane, fruit juices, Dairy milk


    coffee

    - Cigarette products Tobacco


    1.2
    Agro-industrial products and sources.
    Sources
    PRODUCT
    Plant Animal

    NON-FOOD PRODUCTS
    - Paper and paper Wood and pulp
    products

    - Leather products Vegetable extracts Animal hides

    - Rubber and plastic Rubber extract, plant


    products residues

    - Textile and clothing Cotton Animal Wool


    Jute Silk
    1.2

    Agro-industrial products and sources.


    Sources
    PRODUCT
    Plant Animal

    BIOENERGY
    - Charcoal Wood

    - Liquid fuels Plant sucrose


    Vegetable oil
    Oil seeds

    - Biogas Plant residues Animal manure


    1.2

    FOOD PROCESSING
    ▪ the conversion of raw food ingredients into marketable food
    products using physical, chemical, and biological means, in
    order to render convenience to consumers through easily
    prepared and served food product options.

    Raw
    PRE-PROCESSING REFINING/PURIFICATION
    Material

    Finished STORAGE &


    PACKAGING
    Product PRESERVATION
    1.2

    FOOD PROCESSING
    ▪ Pre-processing
    consists of preparatory
    operations, e.g. sorting,
    cleaning, and size reduction in
    order to meet the working
    conditions of processing.
    1.2

    FOOD PROCESSING
    ▪ Pre-processing: Size reduction
    ➢ involves various mechanical
    operations to decrease the bulk
    volume of the ingredients for
    better handling in succeeding
    food processes that require a
    desire size range for operation,
    or surface area to increase the
    effectiveness of processing
    ➢ material reduced vary in sizes
    between coarse, intermediate,
    and fine
    1.2

    FOOD PROCESSING
    ▪ Pre-processing: Size reduction
    SIZE REDUCTION EQUIPMENT APPLICATION

    COARSE ( > 3 in. )

    Jaw Crushers

    Uncommon to food
    processes
    Gyratory Crushers
    1.2

    FOOD PROCESSING
    ▪ Pre-processing: Size reduction
    SIZE REDUCTION EQUIPMENT APPLICATION

    INTERMEDIATE
    (1 – 3 in.)
    Sugarcane juice
    Cone Crushers extraction,
    production of
    chocolate from
    cacao, oil extraction
    Roll Crushers from seeds
    1.2

    FOOD PROCESSING
    ▪ Pre-processing: Size reduction
    SIZE REDUCTION EQUIPMENT APPLICATION

    FINE (0.25 – 0.5 in.)

    Mills Coffee milling,


    production of flour
    from grains
    1.2

    FOOD PROCESSING
    ▪ Refining / Purification
    ➢ removal of various
    impurities from food
    products to improve quality
    such that of taste, nutritive
    value, etc.
    1.2

    OVERVIEW OF THE SUGAR REFINING PROCESS

    Image source: http://www.ap.co.id/


    1.2

    FOOD PROCESSING
    ▪ Storage and Preservation
    ➢ most important in food processing
    ➢ makes food products resistant to
    drastic spoilage
    ➢ may be made by:
    ✓ thermal treatment
    ✓ freezing
    ✓ dehydration
    ✓ irradiation
    ✓ fermentation
    1.2

    FOOD PROCESSING
    ▪ Packaging
    1.2

    NON-FOOD PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING

    ▪ Leather Manufacturing
    ▪ Pulp and Paper Production
    ▪ Textile Manufacturing
    ▪ Rubber Processing
    ▪ Surface-Coating Industry
    ▪ Perfume Production
    ▪ Soap and Detergent Industry
    ▪ Bioplastic Production
    1.2

    NON-FOOD PRODUCTS
    MANUFACTURING
    ▪ Leather Manufacturing
    ✓leather making or leather tanning
    ✓preserving animal hides in the
    manufacture of clothes, and
    clothing accessories
    ✓one of the oldest process
    ✓involves a series pretreatment,
    tanning, and crusting, in order to
    refine the quality of the product,
    and prolong its shelf life.
    1.2

    LEATHER MANUFACTURING
    PROCESS
    1.2
    PRETREATMENT/HIDE PREPARATION

    LEATHER TANNING

    CRUSTING
    1.2
    PRETREATMENT/HIDE PREPARATION
    removal of raw skin components
    such as hair, unwanted flesh,
    grease, and discoloration
    1.2

    LEATHER TANNING
    either use of wood tannins, or by
    chromium treatment
    1.2

    CRUSTING
    a series of thinning, splitting and
    dying in order to furnish leather
    that is soft, yet durable for the
    manufacture of various leather
    products
    1.2

    Mixing drums and chrome tanned leather in leather production


    1.3

    NATURE OF WASTE GENERATION


    ▪ waste, by definition, means any material that is discarded
    from an activity
    ▪ knowledge of process in order to identify all the potential
    wastes and the nature by which they are generated
    1.3

    NATURE OF WASTE GENERATION


    ▪ Discarded materials
    ➢ Most common source of wastes in
    industrial processes
    ➢ Components that are unnecessary
    and may render low quality products
    ➢ Generated from:
    (a) residues from pretreatment
    (b) impurities from refining
    1.3

    NATURE OF WASTE GENERATION


    ▪ By-products
    ➢ not all raw materials are
    completely converted into the
    product’s ideal form
    ➢ low efficiency = low product yield
    ➢ competing reactions
    1.3

    NATURE OF WASTE GENERATION


    ▪ Excess processing materials
    ➢ ensure completion of
    processes to maximize the
    yield of desired product
    ➢ consist of spent materials that
    still contain residual amounts
    of acting agents
    1.3

    EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

    Positive Negative
    ✓ Development for the ✓ Depletion of natural
    good of the great resources
    population ✓ Vast quantities of waste
    ✓ Needs of the people are ✓ Contamination of people
    met at large and ecosystems with the
    ✓ Economic growth dispersion of toxic
    ✓ Opens opportunities for substances
    globalization ✓ Cradle-to-grave model of
    development
    1.3

    SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
    ▪ Cradle-to-cradle model
    ▪ According to Dr. Karl-Henrik Robert (1989)
    sustainable development can be attained by
    preventing the ff.:

    ✓ Exhaustion of substances from the Earth’s crust


    ✓ Accumulation of human-made compounds
    ✓ Utilization of resources at rates faster than their
    regeneration
    1.3

    SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
    ▪ Cradle-to-cradle model
    ▪ According to Dr. Karl-Henrik Robert (1989) sustainable
    development can be attained by preventing the ff.:

    ✓ Accumulation of human-made compounds


    ➢ persistent and unnatural compounds
    ➢ not completely and easily degraded in nature
    ➢ waste materials when discarded from use
    1.3

    Scenario from Pixar’s motion picture entitled, Wall-E.


    1.3

    SUSTAINABLE WASTE
    MANAGEMENT
    ▪ consists of activities that aim to
    protect the people and environment
    from the risks of pollution
    ▪ comprehensive control on upstream
    and downstream control of pollution
    1.3

    SOURCE REDUCTION

    RECYCLE & REUSE

    TREATMENT

    SAFE
    DISPOSAL

    Heirarchy of Waste Management


    1.3
    SUSTAINABLE WASTE
    MANAGEMENT
    ▪ Benefits:
    1. protection of human health and
    environment
    2. cost savings
    3. simpler design and operation
    4. improved work safety
    5. lower liability
    6. higher product quality
    7. building community relations

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