Effort of The Inventor

For Attention: En.Azman

The Inventor
Alexander Graham Bell

Alexander Graham Bell

Alexander Graham Bell once summed up his approach to life and invention:
"Leave the beaten track occasionally and dive into the woods. you do so you will be certain to find something that you have never seen before. Follow it up, explore all around it, and before you know it, you will have something worth thinking about to occupy your mind. All really big discoveries are the results of thought." Bell's willingness to search out the path less taken resulted in some of the world's most important inventions. It has been said that Bell invented the telephone by searching for it in places where other inventors would never think to look. Bell's ability to believe in the impossible has served the world well.

The HD-4

The HD-4
Once the United States entered the war in 1917, Bell wished to lend his talents to the effort. He soon realized, however, that the field of aviation was now in the hands of professionals. Bell briefly considered reviving his old experiments in sonar, as a means of detecting submarines. He abandoned this idea upon discovering that the U.S. Navy's hydrophones did the job very effectively. During these years, most people feared the possibility of a submarine attack. The American Department of War called for proposals to build submarine chasers, in the form of motorboats. Bell argued that a hydrofoil was the better choice: it could skim over a mine-infested bay in the same way that a skitterbug moves across a pond. In his musings, Bell had even built an iron model of a skitterbug. The final design was 60 feet long and almost 6 feet in diameter at its widest point. Named the HD-4, it was launcheThree sets of hydrofoils provided a triangular base of support. Under the bow, a fourth set ensured that the craft did not slam back down onto the water during lift-off, in an action known as porpoising. Once the HD-4 was up and running, this set of hydrofoils remained inactive. Bell's enthusiastic report to the navy resulted in the shipment of the long-awaited engines. In trials held on September 9, 1919, the HD-4 achieved a speed of almost 71 mph. and became the fastest watercraft in the world. Riding on the two lowest blades, it easily lifted almost 14,000 pounds. d on October 18, 1918.

Telephone Introduction
Sunday, June 25, 1876, was the day of the Battle of the Little Big Horn, or Custer's Last Stand. Far away, in Philadephia, it was also the day when Bell demonstrated his new invention at the Centennial Exhibition. The Exhibition was organized to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. The telephone was its star attraction. Having entered at the last moment, Bell failed to obtain a booth in the electrical section. Instead, he was located far away, in a corner of the educational exhibit. It was a hot day and the judges did not relish the long trip down the corridor and up a flight of stairs. Their fatigue vanished with the first words that came crackling over the telephone wire. Pandemonium broke out as these distinguished scientists raced to see if Bell's voice in another room had indeed produced the sounds. Kings and ordinary citizens alike sat transfixed before this new wonder. Bell himself had no doubts about the importance of his new discovery. Shortly after the telephone's invention, he had written to his father, "The day is coming when telegraph wires will be laid on to houses just like water or gas -- and friends will converse with each other without leaving home." For Alexander Graham Bell, it was the first of many glimpses into the world of the future.

Telephone
Alexander Graham Bell never set out to invent the telephone. Initially, he wanted to develop a multiple telegraph. Only later did he realize that a far greater prize lay at the end of the road. In telegraphy, a current is interrupted in the pattern known as Morse Code. Bell hoped to convey several messages simultaneously, each at a different pitch. However, he could not see a way to make-and-break the current at the precise pitch required. "How," he wondered, "could pitch be conveyed along a wire? Bell knew that speech was composed of many complex sound vibrations. While on vacation in Brantford, Ontario, in 1874, he constructed an "ear phonoautograph" from a stalk of hay and a dead man's ear. When Bell spoke into the ear, the hay traced the sound waves on a piece of smoked glass. Bell began to wonder whether this wave could be converted into an electrical transmission. Suddenly, all his work with pitch, electricity and speaking machines "fused" in one sudden flash of inspiration. The sound waves, he realized, could be reproduced in a continuous, but undulating, current. This current was the missing link to the telephone. At this early point, Bell conceived the instrument as a series of reeds arranged over a long magnet. As each reed responded to the voice, it would vibrate alternately toward and away from the magnet, creating the undulating current. The telephone patent was one of the most valuable ever issued. Bell received it on March 7, 1876, four days after his 29th birthday. Speech, however, had not yet been transmitted. That would occur five days later, on March 12, when Watson heard the famous words, "Mr. Watson -- Come here -- I want to see you."

Flight Introduction

Flight Introduction
While working on the telephone, Bell mentioned to Watson that their next project would be a flying machine. On his honeymoon, he told his wife Mabel that he dreamed of flying machines with telephones attached.

By 1891, Bell was testing helicopter models. He quickly moved on to kites as the most stable structure for human flight. Throughout the 1890's, residents of Baddeck were accustomed to looking up at Beinn Bhreagh, to see the red kites flying in the sun.
In May, 1896, Bell photographed the 1/4 mile flight of a model built by his good friend Simon Pierpont Langley. While his models flew successfully, however, Langley's full-sized plane got caught in the launching gear and crashed. Bell always believed that the public ridicule his friend suffered was responsible for his early death. Ironically, Wilbur and Orville Wright flew at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, only nine days later, on December 17, 1903. Since their flight was made in secret, however, their achievement came too late to save Langley. His vindication came only after his death, when he was named one of aviation's "pioneers." Undeterred by Langley's failure, Bell continued his own series of experiments. He would not, however, taste public success until his association with the Aerial Experiment Association in 1907. That year, he collaborated with four young men to develop a series of airplanes that would make aviation history. On February 23, 1909, the Silver Dart rose into the air and flew for a full half mile. The people of Baddeck, and the world, applauded.

The Silver Dart

The Silver Dart

The Silver Dart was the fourth and final airplane produced by the members of the Aerial Experiment Association. It incorporated all the lessons learned with previous designs. The tail section was shortened for easier turning, while a bi-wing elevator increased stability. The 8-cylinder, 35 hp engine powered a chain-driven propeller, carved from a single block of wood. The Silver Dart also carried the first water-cooling radiator ever used in an airplane. With fuel and pilot, it weighed approximately 363 kg. The members of the A.E.A. had high hopes for the craft. Thomas Selfridge was not present to observe the group's final triumph. As a member of the Aeronautical Board of the U.S. army, Selfridge was asked to witness the Wright trials, held at Fort Myer, Va. on September 17, 1908. Selfridge volunteered to fly with Orville Wright. The experiment ended in tragedy, when the plane crashed. Wright escaped with two broken ribs and broken leg. Selfridge died that night. It was the first airplane fatality. It was a heavy blow to the remaining members of the A.E.A. Yet they kept on experimenting. On February 23, 1909, the population of Baddeck gathered on the ice of Baddeck Bay to witness the flight of the Silver Dart. The Bells, snug in fur robes, watched from their sleigh.

Continue:
For the people of Baddeck, it was time to share in Bell's final triumph. Baddeck's own J.A.D. McCurdy piloted the Silver Dart a full half mile over the length of the bay, at the astonishing speed of 40 m.p.h. It was the first heavier-than-air flight in Canada and the first manned flight in the British Empire. Fifty years after the original event, (Name) built and flew a replica of the Silver Dart

Our Teamwork:
Dalyana Bt.Md Dahar Foziah Bt. Hashim Zuriani Yuhanizam Fatimah hirawati Nadia

-Orchid-Lah