Submitted by: Gaurav Kumar Meenakshi Panwar

Our goal for this project is to explore the concept of using an array of phototransistors to replace the function of the photoactive silicon layer.

We want to build a camera that would be able to capture still-images using phototransistors or photodiodes.

 Normally, image scan is done with a CCD(charge couple device) overlaid with a photoactive layer of silicon.

To overcome the disadvantages of CCD overlaid with a photoactive layer of silicon we will use photo transistor array.

 Normally, image scan is done with a CCD(charge couple device) overlaid with a photoactive layer of silicon. A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a device for the movement of electrical charge, usually from within the device to an area where the charge can be manipulated, for example conversion into a digital value. This is achieved by "shifting" the signals between stages within the device one at a time. CCDs move charge between capacitive bins in the device, with the shift allowing for the transfer of charge between bins.

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CCD is the higher cost The cell area is basically doubled More complex control electronics are needed A faster shifting requires a faster readout, and a faster readout can introduce errors in the cell charge measurement, leading to a higher noise level

 A phototransistor is in essence nothing more than a bipolar transistor that is encased in a transparent case so that light can reach the base-collector junction. The electrons that are generated by photons in the base-collector junction are injected into the base, and this photodiode current is amplified by the transistor's current gain (or hfe).

 When light reaches a phototransistor, the electrons that are generated by photons in the base-collector junction are injected into the base. This current is amplified by the transistor's current gain. We used phototransistors as emitter followers, as shown in Figure. Vout is determined by the current flowing through resistor Re so we have Vout = I*Re. Vout is also proportional to the intensity of the light that strikes on the phototransistor. For our scanner, the light reaches the phototransistor is reflected from the image it is scanning.

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More suited for applications where the light level is relatively high Low cost It introduce low noise. High quantum efficiency, typically 80%

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Image processing

Wood base

Stepper motor

Photo transistor array

Microcontroller Atmega16 RS-232 (& MAX 232) Phototransistors (QRB114) Stepper Motor Stepper Motor driver(ULN2003) MATLAB ( for image processing)

High-performance, Low-power AVR 8-bit Microcontroller Peripheral Features Two 8-bit Timer/Counters One 16-bit Timer/Counter e Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator Four PWM Channels 8-channel, 10-bit ADC 8 Single-ended Channels 7 Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only 2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface Programmable Serial USART Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator On-chip Analog Comparator

Communication as defined in the RS232 standard is an asynchronous serial communication method. Asynchronous tells us that the information is not sent in predefined time slots. Data transfer can start at any given time and it is the task of the receiver to detect when a message starts and ends. The RS232 standard describes a communication method where information is sent bit by bit on a physical channel. The information must be broken up in data words. The length of a data word is variable. On PC's a length between 5 and 8bits can be selected.

A stepper motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical pulses into discrete mechanical movements. The rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input pulse. The speed of the motor shafts rotation is directly related to the frequency of the input pulses and the length of rotation is directly related to the number of input pulses applied.

 MATLAB, which stands for MATrix LABoratory, is a state-of-the-art mathematical software package, which is used extensively in both academia and industry. It is an interactive program for numerical computation and data visualization, MATLAB deals mainly with matrices.

 Technical Computing Control Systems Digital Signal Processing Communications Systems Image and Video Processing Test and Measurement Computational Biology Computational Finance

THANK YOU