Cellular Reproduction

Single Cell
Divided and increased

Multicellular Organism

Cell Division
Key to Growth and Development of Organisms

CELL CYCLE
Longest period of growth and development

Interphase
Synthesis (S) Gap 1 (G1)

Gap 2 (G2)

Mitosis (M)

INTERPHASE: Period of Cell Growth

Gap 1 (G1)
Cell organelles increase in number and the cell grows in size Cell produces carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

Synthesis (S)
Characterized by DNA replication

Gap 2 (G2)
Period of synthesis and preparation. Mitochondria and other organelles further divide & increase in number. The cell now gets ready for cell division

Chromosomes
Condensed thread like bodies consisting of DNA and special proteins

Diploid = 2n (for Humans, 46) Haploid = n (for Humans, 23)

Mitosis is a type of cell division that maintain a constant number of chromosome.

MITOSIS

Two Divisions
Karyokinesis
Division of the Nucleus

Cytokinesis
Division of the Cytoplasm

Karyokinesis
Prophase
Chromosomes and centrioles (already in their duplicated form) become distinct. Centrioles move toward opposite poles.

Metaphase
Chromosomes align around the center of the cell.

Karyokinesis
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate and opposite poles. move toward

Telophase
Nucleous reappears. Nuclear membrane forms around each mass of chromosomes. Ends with Cytoplasm.

REPRODUCTION
Asexual Reproduction
e.g. Mitosis: tubers, runners, binary fission, and budding

Sexual Reproduction
involves fusion of gametes or sex cells

MEIOSIS

Product of

MEIOSIS
The process that leads to the formation of gametes.
The nucleus is divided twice.

Meiosis

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

MEIOSIS I
Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

Interkinesis I

Prophase I
Process is like in Mitosis. The only thing that Prophase I makes difference with mitosis process is what we called Synapsis.

Metaphase I

The independent alignment of the chromosomes makes possible the different combinations of the chromosomes in daughter cells.

Anaphase I
The pair of homologous chromosomes in a tetrad separates from each other and moves toward from each other and moves toward the opposite poles. Notice that each chromosomes is still double stranded

Telophase I

Cytokinesis may or may not occur because this phase is absent in some species and Metaphase II follows.

Interkinesis I
This is similar to interphase, except that chromoses duplicate A period of rest that cell of some species enter during meiosis, between meiosis I and meiosis II

MEIOSIS II
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II