PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM ANIMAL FATS

Group Members
Aimal Khan M. Adil Khalid Irfan M. Imran 09PWCHE-0513 09PWCHE-0532 09PWCHE-0518 09PWCHE-0519

Mini Project Presentation

INTRODUCTION
Biodiesel: Renewable Fuel produced from oils, animal fats, waste oils. Physical nature same as petroleum diesel but it is environmental friendly. Biodiesel composed of FAMEs, produced by Transesterification of triglycerol with methanol Biodiesel has high cetane number than petroleum because of less oxygen content. And the fuel having a high cetane number is more efficient : Engine runs easily with it. In Europe demand of biodiesel production is increased & reached to 3million-tons/year.

BASIC CHEMISTRY OF BIODIESEL

Triglyceride + Methanol (Catalyst) e.g. NaOH Biodiesel + Glycerin Many products e.g. peanut oil, corn oil, tallow (beef fat) are used as feed stock for production of biodiesel.

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the effects of temperature, catalyst and time in the production of FAMEs To investigate the optimum conditions To achieve the maximum yield To investigate the properties of obtained products

TASKS COMPLETED

Literature Review

The process of exchanging organic R of an ester with the organic R of an alcohol.

Specifically, CH2OH | + CHOH | CH2OH Glycerin

CH2OOR1 catalyst | CHOOR2 + 3CH3OH 3CH3OCORx | CH2OOR3 Triglyceride 3 Methanol Biodiesel

R1, R2, and R3 are fatty acid alkyl groups (could be different, or the same), and depend on the type of oil.

Bhatti.et.al. studied acid and base catalyzed Transesterification. In acid catalyzed Transesterification three levels of conc. Sulfuric acid catalyst (25%, 50% & 100%) at four different temperatures were investigated to transesterify chicken and mutton fats at uniform shaking (130 rpm). In base catalyzed Transesterification KOH was used as a catalyst . They concluded that the amount of catalyst, temperature and time effect the production of biodiesel. Optimum conditions for processing 5gm of tallow were: Temp (50-60) centigrade.

Alptekin.et.al. reported that: Acid catalyst are too slow to be suitable for converting triglycerides to biodiesel. Effective at converting FFAs to ester. Thus an acid catalyst can be used to esterify the FFAs to esters. Chicken fats contain significant amount of FFA which cant be converted to biodiesel using alkaline catalyst due to formation of soap. The FFA level should be reduced to desired level(below 1%) by using acid catalyst before tranesterification.

EXPERIMENTATION
Oil extraction (tallow) from chicken/mutton fats. Analyzing properties of tallow. Transesterification by using alkaline catalyst. Pretreatment done by adding sulfuric acid and alcohol(1:30) to tallow.

CALCULATION FOR TALLOW EXTRACTION

Temp = 178 centigrade Time = 40 minutes . Pressure = 1 atm

Wt of tallow from 20.2 gm of chicken = 8.8 gm. Wt of tallow from 16.7gm mutton= 8.74gm

ANALYZING PROPERTIES OF TALLOW OIL

Density: by using specific gravity bottle Mass of empty bottle=.034kg Mass of bottle +tallow oil=0.044kg Mass of tallow oil=.0101 Density, =m/v = 1011kg/m3

Viscosity: by using viscometer t 1 =47s t 2= 10.2s 1= 1011kg/m 2= 1000kg/m Viscosity, = 1t 1/ 2t 2* 2 = 4.66kg/m.s subscript 1 is used for tallow oil subscript 2 is for water

2= 1.002

CONTD. Acid Number: by using titration Acid number=V*N*56.1/P V=milliliter of KOH=577ml N=normality of KOH=0.1 P=gram of sample used=120g Acid number = 27mgKOH/g

TRANSESTERIFICATION
Reactants: Tallow: 120gm Alcohol: 33.5ml Catalyst: NaOH: 1.8gm Temp=3o centigrade Products: FAMs esters Glycerin Soap

PRETREATMENT OF TALLOW
Reactants: 120gm Tallow 30ml ethanol+1ml sulfuric acid(20% conc.) Heated to 60 centigrade constant stirring. Products: Chicken fats, esterified FFAs, methanol, sulfuric acid.

Chicken fats along with esterified FFAs are then subjected to Transesterification via alkali catalyst for production of biodiesel.

ENERGY BALANCE

CONTD. Q-Ws= H+K.E+P.E Ws =0(no moving parts) K.E=0(no change in velocity)

Now, P.E=mgz=0.89*9.8*0.3*10=0.0026kj/s H=mH-mH =(0.89*334.9)-(0.89*251.7)=74kj/s

Q=74.002kj/s

TASK REMAINING
Mass Balance Effect of catalyst Analysis of the Products Report writing

UPDATED WORK PLAN

Activity Group formation Project selection Literature review Duration 0-2 weeks 2-4 weeks 4-7 weeks Remarks Accomplished Accomplished Accomplished

Sample collection
Experimentation Analysis

7-8 weeks
8-11 weeks 11-13 weeks

Accomplished
Partially accomplished Not accomplished

Final report writing

Presentation/submission report

13-15 weeks
of 15-16 weeks

Not accomplished
Not accomplished

THANK YOU