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Buckminsterfullerene Synthesis: Maryam Ebrahimi
Buckminsterfullerene Synthesis: Maryam Ebrahimi
Maryam Ebrahimi
Chem 7530 Feb. 7th, 2006
Outline
Discovery of C60 & Smalley's apparatus Natural Sources Different Techniques for Synthesis of C60 Rational Synthesis of Buckminsterfullerene Significance of Fullerene yield
Discovery of C60
For generations diamond and graphite were considered to be the only pure forms of carbon. In 1985, a group of discoverers (R.F. Curl, R.E.Smalley & H.W.Kroto) found a third form, C60 which was named Buckminsterfullerene owing to the structural similarity of C60 to geodesic domes designed by Buckminster Fuller. C60, is the exact structure of a soccer ball, having both pentagonal and hexagonal rings arranged in an alternating fashion . This 5/6-ring cage provides remarkable stability In fact, C60 is the smallest fullerene for which all pentagons are isolated.
H. W. Kroto, J. R. Heath, S. C. O'Brien, R. F. Curl and R. E. Smalley "C(60) Buckminsterfullerene" (1985) Nature, 318, 6042, 162-163
http://www.chem.wisc.edu/~newtrad/CurrRef/BDGTopic/BDGtext/BDGBucky.html
H. W. Kroto, J. R. Heath, S. C. O'Brien, R. F. Curl and R. E. Smalley "C(60) Buckminsterfullerene" (1985) Nature, 318, 6042, 162-163
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This is the first natural example of carbon in the "Bucky Ball" configuration of C-60 carbon atoms. It is called "shungite" - which is the Russian name for this type of graphite. It came from the Shunga River, in Karelia, Russia. Shungite is a rare Precambrian carbonaceous rock. This black rock contains small veins of stacked spheres that are precisely buckminsterfullerene in their configuration.
http://www.sciencemall-usa.com/c60buc.html
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Different Techniques
for Synthesis of C60
Graphite vaporization (Smalley's technique) Resistive heating of graphite Graphite arching Pyrolysis of hydrocarbons
The graphite rod and disk are connected to an external 60 Hz ac power source. The graphite is vaporized with a 100-200A current at an rms voltage of 10-20V.
Not shown in this diagram is the helium source that condenses the carbon. The graphite arcing technique is currently the most commonly used technique and is also used commercially.
R. E. Smalley, Self-Assembly of the Fullerenes, Acc. Chem. Res. 25, 98-105 (1992) R. E. Smalley, et al., Efficient Production of C60 (Buckminsterfullerene), C60H36, and the 11 Solvated Buckide Ion, J. Phys. Chem. 94, 8634-8636 (1990)
Pyrolysis of Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons (mostly PAH) as starting material
The removal of hydrogen, as well as the curling of joined rings into a cage structure Two proposed mechanism by Taylor and Baum
R. Taylor, G. J. Langley, H. W. Kroto, & D. R. M. Walton, Formation of C60 by pyrolysis of naphthalene, Nature 366, 728-731 (1993) T. Baum, S. Lffler, P. Lffler, P. Weilmnster, K. H. Homann, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. 12 Chem. 96, 841-857 (1992)
Pyrolysis of Hydrocarbons
The decomposition of a hydrocarbon to produce fullerene-containing soot can be accomplished through a variety of means such as: flame combustion flame (combustion of benzene), laser, a general heat source such as a torch or a tube furnace (pyrolysis of naphthalene).
R. Taylor, G. J. Langley, H. W. Kroto, & D. R. M. Walton, Formation of C60 by pyrolysis of naphthalene, Nature 366, 728-731 (1993)
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Toluene-insoluble soot
C60 pure
~C100 to ~C250
Alumina, hexane/toluene (95:5)
C70 pure
Higher fullerenes C76, C78, C84, traces of C90, C94, residual C70
2-3 HPLC runs on C18 reversed phase CH3CN/toluene (1:1)
C76 pure
C2v-C78 pure
D3-C78 pure
C84, mixture of at
least 2 isomers
Fullerene separation scheme F. Diederich, & R. L. Whetten, Beyond C60: The Higher Fullerenes, Acc. Chem. 14 Res. 25, 119-126 (1992)
R. E. Smalley, Self-Assembly of the Fullerenes, Acc. Chem. Res. 25, 98-105 (1992) Wang, Photoconductivity of fullerene doped polymers, Nature 356, 585-587 (1992) http://www.science.org.au/nova/024/024box02.htm, Australian Academy of Science 16