Introduction to Computer networks

Introduction Types of Networks

Network Topologies

Types of Transmission Cable types and Connectors Repeater

What is network ? A network refers to the connection between two or more computers to provide information sharing, resource sharing such as printers, disk drives, applications.

Printer PC

PC

PC

 LAN Local Area Network

MAN Metropolitan Area Network WAN Wide Area Network.

Factors for classification

Geographical Layout Physical Layout

PC

Bus Topology

Mesh Topology

PC

Star Topology

Ring Topology

Types of Transmission
Broadband A type of data transmission in which a single medium (wire) can carry several channels at once. Baseband In contrast, baseband transmission allows only one signal at a time.

Cable types and Connectors

Cable Types Twisted pair Coaxial Fiber Connectors RJ45 BNC DB15 LC SC MTRJ ST

Twisted pair Twisted to minimize the cross talk interference.Available in both shielded or unshielded. UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair 8 wires or 4 pair. 100-meter maximum length. 4-100 Mbps Speed. STP Shielded twisted pair

8 wires or 4 pair. 100-meter maximum length. 16-155 Mbps speed. Lower electrical interference than UTP.

RJ 45
Straight Through Cable RJ-45 PIN RJ-45 PIN

Crossover Cable RJ-45 PIN 1 Rx+ RJ-45 PIN 3 Tx+

1 Tx+

1 Rx+

2 Tx-

2 Rx-

2 Rx-

6 Tx-

3 Rx+

3 Tx+

3 Tx+

1 Rx+

6 Rx-

6 Tx-

6 Tx-

2 Rx-

Difference Between Straight Vs Cross cable

Straight Cable: Used between Switch to Routers Switch to PC Cross Cable: Used between Switch to Switch Routers to Routers PC to PC

Coaxial Two conductors separated by insulation, supports Maximum length of 185 to 500 meters.

Coax cable types

RG-58 /U - 50 ohm, with a solid copper wire core. RG-58 A/U* - 50 ohm, with a stranded wire core. RG-59 - 75 ohm, for broadband transmission such as cable TV.

 Thinnet

Thinnet uses a British Naval Connector (BNC) on each end. Thinnet is part of the RG-58 family of cable. Maximum cable length is 185 meters. Transmission speed is 10Mbps. Thinnet cable & terminator will have 50 ohms impedance.

 Thicknet
Maximum cable length is 500 meters. Transmission speed is 10Mbps. The computer has an attachment unit interface (AUI) on its network card, which is a 15 pin DB-15 connector.

Introduction to fiber optics Data is transmitted using light rather than electrons. Usually there are two fibers, one for each direction(TX & RX). Cable length upto 2 Kilometres. Speed from 100Mbps to 2Gbps. This is the most expensive and most difficult to install, but is not subject to interference. Two types of cables are: Single mode cables for use with lasers. 65-microns. Multimode cables for use with Light Emitting Diode (LED) drivers. 9-microns.

All About Fiber : Characteristics Single mode Fiber

Multimode Fiber

Supports only one wavelength Light source has to be LASER Can drive signals to longer distance Cable is cheap but Equipment is costly

Supports band of wavelength Light source is a LED Can drive signals to short distance Cable is costly & Equipment are cheap Works on TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

Fiber : Connectors

SC Connector ST Connector

LC Connector

MTRJ Connector

Transmission media refers to the type of cable media system that is used to connect network devices. The type of media can be decided on on the cost, speed and connectivity of the network

Twisted Pair

Shielded Unshielded

Coaxial Cable

Fiber optic cable

Twisted pair media consists of two insulated copper wires that are twisted around each other and covered with an insulating casing of plastic. Shielded twisted pair (STP) includes a layer of shielding that protects the wire from Electromagnetic interference Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is a lower cost solution that does not include the protective shielding

Category CAT1 CAT2 CAT3 CAT4 CAT5 CAT6 LEVEL 7

Cable Type UTP UTP UTP , STP UTP , STP UTP , STP UTP , STP UTP , STP

Application Analog Voice Digital Voice, 1 Mbps data 16 Mbps data 20 Mbps data 100 Mbps data 155 Mbps data 1000 Mbps data

A twisted pair connector - RJ45, has eight wires and eight pins (four pairs) of send and receive unlike RJ11, which is used for telephones.

RJ11 has four wires and pins (two pairs of send and receive)

Coaxial cable consists of a central copper wire encased by two layers of protective shielding. The shielding makes the cable immune to electrical noise enabling transmission for longer distances. Coaxial cables are classified by size (RG) and resistance (ohms).

 Coaxial Cable types RG-8 / RJ-11 (50 Ohm, used in Thick Ethernet segments) RG-58 (50 Ohm, used in Thin Ethernet Segments) RG-59 (75 Ohm, used for Cable TV) RG-62 (93 Ohm, used in Arcnet segments

Fiber optic cable is made of flexible layers of glass made of silica.

Fiber optic cable is made of flexible glass and transmits information via photons or light. Thick fiber optic cable (62.5 microns) is for slower rates and shorter distances (up to 2 km). Thick fiber is typically used for multimode (MM) adapters, which transmit multiple frequencies simultaneously. Thin fiber optic cable (5 microns) is designed for faster rates and longer distances (up to 40 km). Thin fiber is typically used for single mode (SM) transmission (single frequency adapters).

Media Twisted pair cable

Advantages Inexpensive Well understood Easy to use Long distance transmission Noise Immunity Very high bandwidth Noise immunity Long distance transmission High Security Small size (physical dimension)

Disadvantages Sensitive to noise Short distances only Limited bandwidth Security easily tapped Security easily tapped Highly susceptible Limited Bandwidth Expensive Lack of expertise Longer outages

Coaxial cables

Optical Fiber cable

 Factors to be considered before choosing a transmission medium

Cost of installation Ease of Installation Capacity Range (Bandwidth) Immunity from EMI, noise and interference Environmental conditions (campus, factory, etc.,) Distance between endpoints Regulatory aspects Operations - Maintenance and Troubleshooting

Repeater

Amplifies the signal (Boosting)

Receives the weaker signal on one port, regenerates the signal to the full power and relays it to another port. A repeater can be active or passive repeater. Active repeaters need power source to operate Passive repeater doesnt require power source to

operate.
Repeater were also known as Hubs(MULTI PORT REPEATER). Extend the length of the network