Module 8

Modal Analysis Advanced Topics

Module 8

Modal Analysis - Advanced Topics

A. Learn how to do a prestressed modal analysis B. Learn how to take advantage of cyclic symmetry in a modal analysis C. Learn how to perform a modal analysis following a large deflection static analysis

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A. Prestressed Modal Analysis

What is prestressed modal analysis and why? Modal analysis of a prestressed structure.

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Some structures show different dynamic behavior depending on their stress state.
A guitar string or a drum head, for example, will vibrate at higher frequencies as its tension is increased. When a turbine blade spins, its natural frequencies tend to be higher because of the prestress caused by centrifugal forces.

To properly design such structures, both stress-free and prestressed modal analyses may be required.

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Prestressed Modal Analysis

Procedure
Three main steps: Build the model Prestress the model with a static analysis Do the modal analysis with prestress Same considerations as a normal modal analysis. Remember to specify density with proper units.

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Build the Model:

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Prestressed Modal Analysis

Procedure
Build the model
Solution > Unabridged Menu

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Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options

Priestess the model with a static analysis

Choose analysis type & options: Be sure to activate prestress effects. Loading: Apply the loads causing the prestress. Postprocessing: Review the results to make sure that the proper loads have been applied.

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Prestressed Modal Analysis

Procedure
Element Plot - Static Analysis of Prestressed Modal

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Stress Plot - Static Analysis of Prestressed Modal

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Prestressed Modal Analysis

Procedure
Build the model Pre-stress the model with a static analysis

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Do the modal analysis with prestress

Same procedure as a normal modal analysis except that prestress effects must be included when specifying analysis options.

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Prestressed Modal Analysis

Procedure
Compare:

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Prestressed plate

Without prestress

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Prestressed Modal Analysis

Procedure
Build the model Prestress the model with a static analysis Do the modal analysis with Pre-stress

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B. Workshop

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In this workshop, you will Pre-stress the disc shown below and then determine its natural frequencies. If time permits, determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the disc without any Prestress and compare the results. See your Dynamics Workshop supplement for details
(Pre-stressed Modal Analysis Workshop - Pre-Stressed Disc, Page W-61.).

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C. Modal Cyclic Symmetry

What is modal cyclic symmetry? A modal analysis that takes advantage of cyclic symmetry. You can model only one sector, then view mode shapes of the entire structure!
Saves modeling time - no need to model all 360 degrees. Saves computer time and disk space - fewer elements and DOF.

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Applications
Any structure that is cyclically symmetric: turbines, impellers, rotors, fans, etc.

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry Procedure

Six main steps: Model the basic sector Identify cyclic symmetry planes
Automatic via CYCLIC command Manually by creating node components

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Apply BCs Specify modal analysis type and options Specify cyclic solution options via CYCOPT command and solve using ANSYS SOLVE command Review results by expanding to 360 degrees via /CYCEXPAND

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Model the Basic Sector

Basic sector
Must be in a global or userdefined cylindrical system: X radial, Y along , Z axial. Cyclic symmetry planes (or edges): Node patterns can be matched or unmatched, but matched may provide more accurate solution. Can be curved. The sector angle modeled, , can be any number as long as the total number of sectors (360/) is an integer.

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Identify Cyclic Symmetry Planes

Model the basic sector Identify cyclic symmetry planes: Automatic Procedure:
Issue the CYCLIC command to detect: the number of sectors the sector angle cyclic coordinate system cyclic boundaries

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Manual Procedure:
Select nodes along the lowest angle. Create a component of nodes: Utility Menu > Select > Comp/Assembly > Create Component Select nodes along the highest angle. Create a component of nodes: Utility Menu > Select > Comp/Assembly > Create Component Issue CYCLIC command specifying all fields Be sure to select everything when done!
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Components:

DISC_M01L DISC_M01H

Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Apply BCs
Model the basic sector Identify cyclic symmetry planes
Apply BCs: Mainly displacement constraints. Apply on nodes only, not on solid model entities (since the second sector contains only nodes and elements). Select nodes by location, not by numbers. No need to specify symmetry BC (unless you are doing a static analysis for prestress).

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Specify Analysis Type & Options

Model the basic sector Identify cyclic symmetry planes

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Apply BCs
Specify analysis type
Analysis Type Modal Options: Block Lanczos method is recommended. Number of modes extracted (NMODE) is per nodal diameter (explained later).

Main Menu > Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis

Expand as many modes as the number extracted.

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Solve using ANSYS SOLVE command

Model the basic sector Identify cyclic symmetry planes

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Apply BCs Specify analysis type & options

Specify cyclic options and solve using ANSYS SOLVE command:
Issue CYCOPT,hindex, command to specify which harmonic indices to solve for. The default is to solve all applicable harmonic indices. Menu path is: Solution > Solve > Current LS

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Solve
Nodal diameter A diametric line of zero displacement during vibration for a circular membrane (like a COSINE wave). Provides relationship to compute mode shape of entire model from the basic sector results.

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One nodal diameter typically causes one wave around the circumference , two nodal diameters cause two waves, and so on.

Each nodal diameter has multiple modes of vibration.

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Solve
One nodal diameter Notice one diametric line of zero displacement in the UZ contour plot below. An end view of the mode shape is shown on the right.

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Solve
Two nodal diameters

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Solve
Three nodal diameters

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Solve
Four nodal diameters

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Solve
Zero nodal diameters (axisymmetric mode)

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Solve
Why is the harmonic index range important?

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For each harmonic index ANSYS will extract a specified number of modes. The user controls the range of harmonic indices for each of which modes are extracted. Minimum harmonic index number is 0 ( breathing mode). Maximum harmonic index value is (NSECTOR/2) for even number of sectors or ( NSECTOR-1)/2 for odd number number of sectors. Usually, the first few modes are extracted for the whole range of harmonic indices to cover all the low frequency modes.

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Solve
The relationship between the harmonic index k and nodal diameter d for a model consisting of N sectors is:

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d m N k where m 0,1, 2, 3,...,

The following table shows how the harmonic index, nodal diameter and number of sectors relate to one another:

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Review Results over 360

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Model the basic sector Identify cyclic symmetry planes Apply BCs Specify analysis type & options Specify cyclic options and solve using ANSYS SOLVE command Review results over 360
Use the General Postprocessor (POST1). Four main steps: List frequencies. Issue /CYCEXPAND,,ON command Read in results for the desired mode. Plot and animate the mode shape.

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Review Results
List frequencies: General Postproc > Read Results > By Pick

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Each harmonic index is stored as a separate load step.

Harmonic index 0, modes 1-5 Harmonic index 1, modes 1-5 Harmonic index 2, modes 1-5 Harmonic index 3, modes 1-5 Harmonic index 4, modes 1-5

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Review Results
All displays will now be graphically expanded to a full 360 image.

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Type the command /CYCEXPAND,,ON. ( General Postproc > Cyclic Analysis > Cyc Expansion )

Read in results for the desired mode, using the SET command or By Load Step

Harmonic index. LSTEP=1 means harmonic index 0 in this case. Mode number
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Review Results
Animate the mode shape PlotCtrls > Animate > Mode Shape...

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Harmonic Index 0

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Review Results

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Harmonic Index 1

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Review Results

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Harmonic Index 2

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Review Results

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Harmonic Index 3

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Review Results

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Harmonic Index 4

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

Review Results
Compare cyclic symmetry and full solutions:
Frequencies match well. Notice that the lower modes are the first few modes for each harmonic index. 538 elements and 1790 active DOF vs. 2690 elements and 17900 active DOF. The symmetry model requires less than half the CP time for solution. Results file size: 1.34 MB vs. 4.16 MB.
36 Symmetry Model

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Full 360 Model

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry

D. Workshop
In this workshop, you will model one tooth of the spiral bevel gear shown to determine its natural frequencies.

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DYNAMICS 7.0

See your Dynamics Workshop supplement for details.

Modal Cyclic Symmetry Workshop Spiral Bevel Gear, Page W-67.

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E. Large Deflection Modal Analysis

What is large deflection modal analysis? Modal analysis of a structure that has undergone significant geometry change due to loads. Some applications include
When pressure or spin load is applied to a relatively thin turbine blade, it tends to untwist the airfoil affecting natural frequency.

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Undersea pipeline installations where contact with seabed causes change in frequencies. Membranes under pressure load.

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 Large Deflection Modal Analysis

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What is the difference between large deflection modal analysis and prestressed modal analysis? Prestressed modal assumes that stresses will affect the natural frequencies but deflections are small; that is the geometry has not changed. Large deflection modal assumes that the geometry is changing significantly due to deformation and that this updated geometry (in addition to the stress) will change the natural frequencies and mode shapes.

Contact and large deflection

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Large Deflection Modal Analysis

Procedure
Five main steps: Build the model Run static analysis with large deflection effects turned on Update geometry to the deformed geometry Perform modal analysis using partial solve procedures Review results Same considerations as a normal modal analysis. Remember to specify density with proper units.

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Build the Model:

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Large Deflection Modal Analysis

Run Static Analysis

Build the model

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Solution > Unabridged Menu Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options

Run Static analysis Choose analysis type & options: Be sure to activate both prestress and large deflection effects.

Loading: Apply the static loads. Follow guidelines from Chapter 8 , Structural Analysis Guide
Solve

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Large Deflection Modal Analysis

Update Geometry to deformed shape

Build the model Run static analysis with large deflection effects

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Update geometry
Add displacements from static analysis to the original geometry. This creates the new geometry on which modal analysis will be carried out.

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Large Deflection Modal Analysis

Perform modal analysis

Build the model Run static analysis with large deflection effects Update geometry to the deformed geometry

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Perform modal analysis using partial solve procedures

Step 1. Analysis type and options Step 2. Triangularize the matrix ( PSOLVE,TRIANG) Step 3. Compute eigenvalues ( PSOLVE,EIGLANB) Step 4. Expand mode shapes ( PSOLVE,EIGEXP)

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Large Deflection Modal Analysis

Perform Modal Analysis

Step 1. Analysis type and options
Set analysis type to Modal Select mode extraction method ( Block Lanczos recommended) Select the number of modes to extract

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Large Deflection Modal Analysis

Perform Modal Analysis

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Step 2. Triangularize the matrix (PSOLVE,TRIANG)

Solution > Solve > Partial Solu

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Large Deflection Modal Analysis

Perform Modal Analysis

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Step 3. Compute eigenvalues (PSOLVE,EIGLANB)

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Large Deflection Modal Analysis

Perform Modal Analysis

This is done as a separate pass (issue FINISH and get back into Solution) Turn expansion key ON

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Step 4. Expand mode shapes

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Large Deflection Modal Analysis

Perform modal analysis

Select how many modes to expand

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Step 4. Expand mode shapes (continued)

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Large Deflection Modal Analysis

Perform modal analysis

Perform partial solution to expand modes

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Step 4. Expand mode shapes (continued)

At this point the user will have a standard modal analysis results file.
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Large Deflection Modal Analysis

Review results
Mode 2, Frequency = 151.584 Hz

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Mode 6 , Frequency=881.08 Hz

Mode 4, Frequency= 585.631 Hz

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Large Deflection Modal Analysis

Review results
Large deflection modal analysis
The mode shapes are based on deformed geometry.

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DYNAMICS 7.0

You should remember that nonlinearities are ignored and contact elements retain their initial status at the start of the modal analysis. For instance , only modes where the beams are in contact with each other will be extracted in the example used in this chapter.

With contact elements sliding motion may be allowed depending on the value of coefficient of friction used. Use Rough Contact (keyopt(12)=1) to prevent sliding motion.

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