By Savreet

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition System. SCADA is the combination of two words:

Supervisory control Data acquisition

FREQUENCY CONTROL
VOLTAGE CONTROL LINE LOADING

To ensure the maintenance of grid frequency within the normal band i.e. 49.0 to 50.5 Hz, following steps are taken into account:

Sudden reduction in generator output particularly when frequency is falling below 49.0 Hz
Sudden increase in load when frequency is falling below 49.0 Hz.

The operating range of the voltage at various voltage levels of grid are as follows: Voltage in KV (RMS) Nominal Maximum Minimum 400 420 360 220 245 200 132 145 120

In the event of high voltage the following specific steps would be taken: The bus reactors be switched in The manually switchable capacitor banks be taken out The switchable line/ tertiary reactors be taken in Operate synchronous condensers for VAR absorption Operate hydro generators / gas turbines as synchronous condenser for VAR absorption wherever possible

In the event of low voltage the following specific steps would be taken: The bus reactors be switched out The capacitor banks be switched in The switchable line / tertiary reactors be

taken out Operate synchronous condensers for VAR generation Operate hydro generators / gas turbines as synchronous condenser for VAR generation, wherever possible

Transducers Potential and Current Transformers Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) MODEM Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) Front End Processor LAN Main Server

CTS/ PTS

TRANSDUCER

RTU

MODEM

COMPUTERS

HUB
SERVERS

CFE

MODEM

Typical RTU has a network interface (usually either Ethernet, proprietary, or both), a simple processor, some environmental sensors, some override switches, and a bus, which it uses to communicate with devices and/or interface, boards. There are two modes in which RTUs work: 1) Under command from central computer 2) Stand alone mode

RTU

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF RTU

Collect power system data

Filter and process the system data

Transmit data to control center Receive the control commands

There are two types of displays: Online Display In a one line or single line display whole network is made up of single lines and graphical symbol are used for different components. One-line diagrams give the current state of the operating devices and also give on line data. We can give command from one line diagram to control the state of the devices and can change the way of displaying the data.

Tabular display also gives the state of the operating devices and current data. But in this case information is in the tabular form i.e. in the form of rows and columns. Tabular usually contains more information the one line displays.

Increase Efficiency Minimize Fault Response Time Reduce Planned Downtimes Maximize Profitability Reduce Manpower Requirement Maximize Safety