Energy Flows and Balances

Units of Measure
BTU - British thermal unit - amount of energy required to heat one pound of water, one degree Fahrenheit

Calorie -amount of energy required to heat 1g water 1 degree Celsius

Joule - a force of one Newton applied over a distance of one meter (N/m)

Kilowatt-hr the rate of power per unit time

Energy Balances and Conversion

Forms of energy and its sample conversion: Chemical energy - carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen combustion Steam Heat - steam electrical generators electricity Potential energy due to elevation - water in the mountain lake turbine electrical energy heat/light energy Kinetic - Wind Windmill Electrical energy heat energy Mechanical - Wind Windmill Electrical energy heat energy

Energy Balances and Conversion

Calorimeter standard mean of measuring heat energy value of material when they combust First law of thermodynamics Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it only transform from one form to another

Second law of thermodynamics Energy conversions are always less than 100% efficient
Entropy amount of energy that is unavailable for useful work Efficiency ration of energy stored in useful form compared with energy takes in

Energy Sources and Availability

Renewable Sources naturally or artificially recycled resources Water Power a form of stored solar energy Tidal Power derived from ocean tides Wind Power produced when differential heating of Earths surface creates air masses with differing heat contents and densities Solar Energy tremendous amount of energy reaching the Earth on a global scale Types of active solar energy systems: Solar ponds designed to collect incoming solar radiation which produces a bottom-water temperature about 70 degrees Centigrade

Energy Sources and Availability

Solar collectors provide space heating photovoltaic converts sunlight directly into electricity Power towers collects heat from solar energy and delivering this energy in the form of steam to turbines that produce electrical power Ocean thermal conversion uses part of the oceanic environment as gigantic solar collector

Biomass energy energy recovered from organic matter - from wood chips, coconut husk, sugar cane waste, corncobs etc. Geothermal energy a natural heat from the interior of the Earth.

Energy Sources and Availability

Non-renewable resources resources that are cycled slowly by natural earth processes Nuclear energy energy of the atomic nucleus via two processes: Nuclear fission (splitting of atoms)and Nuclear fusion (combining of atoms) Natural gas a naturally occurring hydrocarbon generally produces with crude oil or from gas as well Coal a solid brittle carbonaceous rock and the most abundant fossil in earth Crude Oil a naturally occurring petroleum normally pumped from oil wells in oil fields

Synthetic oil -a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds that are artificially made