 Robotics is the

science and
technology of robots,
their design,
manufacture and there
applications.
 The word robotics was
first used in print by
Isaac Asimov, in his
science fiction
short story "Runaround
", published in March
1942 in Astounding
Science Fiction
 Robotics requires a
working knowledge of
electronics, mechanics
and software, and is
usually accompanied
by a large working
knowledge of many
subjects.
 A person working in
the field robotics is a
Robotcist.
 Robots used as
manipulators
 According to The Robot
Institute of America
(1979) :
"A reprogrammable,
multifunctional
manipulator designed
to move materials,
parts, tools, or
specialized devices
through various
programmed motions
for the performance of
a variety of tasks.”
 The word "Robot"
comes from the
1921 play
"R.U.R." (Rossum's Universal Robots)
by the Czech
writer Karel Capek
(pronounced
"chop'ek"). 
"Robot" comes
from the Czech
word "robota",
meaning "forced
labor." 
 Zero Gravity Recti-Blob Rolling
Passive
Robot (1994-1997) Robots
Dynamic Doll
(1993-1994) (1988)

Walking Flying Snake

Telerobots
Robots Robots Robots
Military robots Na nor obo ts 3D BIPEDAL
So ft Rob ots WALKER

Spring Turkey Geekbot

DINOSAUR Spring Flamingo
(1994-1996) (1994-1995)
ROBOT (1996-2000)
 Uniroo 3D Biped Planar Quadruped
(1991-1993) (1989-1995) Quadruped (1984-1987)
(1995-1996)

Monopod
(1988-1989)
 If robots are to work
effectively in homes
and other non-
industrial
environments, the way
they are instructed to
perform their jobs, and
especially how they
will be told to stop will
be of critical
importance.
 Little or no training in
robotics, and so any
interface will need to
be extremely intuitive.
 Science fiction authors also typically assume
that robots will eventually communicate with
humans by talking, gestures and
facial expressions, rather than a
command-line interface. Although speech
would be the most natural way for the
human to communicate, it is quite unnatural
for the robot. It will be quite a while before
robots interact as naturally as the fictional .
 Interpreting the continuous flow of sounds coming from
a human, in real time, is a difficult task for a computer,
mostly because of the great variability of speech.
 The same word, spoken by the same person may sound
different depending on local acoustics, volume, the
previous word, whether or not the speaker has a cold,
etc.. It becomes even harder when the speaker has a
different accent.
 Davis, Biddulph, and Balashek designed the first "voice
input system" which recognized "ten digits spoken by a
single user with 100% accuracy" in 1952.
 Currently, the best systems can recognize continuous,
natural speech, up to 160 words per minute, with an
accuracy of 95%.
 The mechanical structure of a robot must be controlled
to perform tasks. The control of a robot involves three
distinct phases - perception, processing and action (
robotic paradigms).
 Sensors give information about the environment or the
robot itself (e.g. the position of its joints or its end
effector).
 Using strategies from the field of control theory, this
information is processed to calculate the appropriate
signals to the actuators (motors) which move the
mechanical structure.
 The control of a robot involves path planning, pattern
recognition, obstacle avoidance, etc. More complex and
adaptable control strategies can be referred to as
artificial intelligence.
 Increased
productivity,
accuracy, and
endurance :-Jobs
which require speed,
accuracy, reliability or
endurance can be
performed far better
by a robot than a
human. Hence many
jobs in factories which
were traditionally
performed by people
are now robotized.
 Electr oni cs : Mass
produced
printed circuit boards (PCBs)
are almost exclusively
manufactured by pick and
place robots, typically with "
SCARA" manipulators, which
remove tiny
electronic components from
strips or trays, and place
them on to PCBs with great
accuracy. Such robots can
place several components per
second (tens of thousands per
hour), far out-performing a
human in terms of speed,
accuracy, and reliability.
 There are many jobs which a
human could perform better
than a robot but for one
reason or another the human
either does not want to do it
or cannot be present to do
the job. The job may be too
boring to bother with, for
example domestic cleaning;
or be too dangerous, for
example exploring inside a
volcano. These jobs are
known as the "dull, dirty, and
dangerous" jobs. Other jobs
are physically inaccessible.
For example, exploring
another planet, cleaning the
inside of a long pipe or
performing laparoscopic
surgery
 Robo ts in th e home : As their price
falls, and their performance and
computational ability rises, making
them both affordable and sufficiently
autonomous, robots are increasingly
being seen in the home where they are
taking on simple but unwanted jobs,
such as vacuum cleaning, floor
cleaning and lawn mowing.
 FOR EXPLORATION:-
 People are interested in
places that are
sometimes full of danger,
like outer space, or the
deep ocean.  But when
they can not go there
themselves, they make
robots that can go there.
 The robots are able to
carry cameras and other
instruments so that they
can collect information
and send it back to their
human operators.
 FOR INDUSTRY:-
When doing a job,
robots can do many
things faster than
humans.  Robots do
not need to be paid,
eat, drink, or go to the
bathroom like people.
  They can do
repetative work that is
absolutely boring to
people and they will
not stop, slow .  down,
or fall to sleep like a
human
 Surgery :- Sometimes
when operating, doctors
have to use a robot
instead.  A human would
not be able to make a
hole exactly one 100th of
a inch wide and long.
 When making medicines,
robots can do the job
much faster and more
accurately than a human
can.  Also, a robot can be
more delicate than a
human.
Campbell Aird, Scottish hotel owner, fitted with the world's first bionic arm
 FOR CRIME DETECTION:-
Police need certain types of
robots for bomb-disposal and
for bringing video cameras
and microphones into
dangerous areas, where a
human policeman might get
hurt or killed.
 The military also uses robots
for (1) locating and destroying
mines on land and in water,
(2) entering enemy bases to
gather information, and (3)
spying on enemy troops.
 FOR ENTERTAINMENT:- At
first, robots where just for
entertainment, but as better
technology became available,
real robots were created. 
Many robots are still seen on
T.V. (Star Trek - The Next
Generation) and in the
movies (The Day the Earth
Stood Still, Forbidden Planet,
Lost in Space, Blade Runner,
Star Wars).
  "Commander Data" from Star
Trek, an android robot with a
"positronic brain."

Gort" from the movie "The
Day The Earth Stood Still.”  
 FOR TOYS:-The new robot
technology is making
interesting types of toys that
children will like to play with. 
One new robotic toy is the "
FURBY", which became
available in  stores for
Christmas 1998 - and
continues to be very popular. 
Another is the "
LEGO MINDSTORMS" robot
construction kit.
  These kits, which were
developed by the LEGO
company with M.I.T.
scientists, let kids create and
program their own robots. 
 Robots would be dangerous if they were programmed to
kill or if they are programmed to be so smart that they
make their own software, build their own hardware to
upgrade themselves or if they change their own source
code.
 Even without malicious programming, a robot,
especially a future model moving freely in a human
environment, is potentially dangerous because of its
large moving masses, powerful actuators and
unpredictably complex behavior..
 Designing and programming robots to be
intrinsically safe and to exhibit safe behavior in a
human environment is one of the great challenges in
robotics.
 The first human to be killed by a robot was
Robert Williams who died at a casting plant in
Flat Rock, MI (January 25, 1979).
 A better known case is that of 37-year-old
Kenji Urada, a Japanese factory worker, in
1981. Urada was performing routine
maintenance on the robot, but neglected to
shut it down properly, and was accidentally
pushed into a grinding machine.