Mr. A.R.

Surana
Assistant professor S.M.B.T. College of Pharmacy, Nashik-422403

8/27/2013

CULTIVATION
Cultivation The act of raising or growing plants (especially on a large scale) Involves convergence of various factors from cultural and pharmaceutical sphere such as soil, climate, rainfall, irrigation, altitude, temperature, use of fertilizers and pesticides, genetic manipulation and biochemical aspects of natural drugs.

 ADVANTAGES OF CULTIVATION Quality and Purity Better yield and therapeutic quality Cultivation ensures regular supply Industrialization Permits application modern technology

 DISADVANTAGES High cost Losses due to ecological imbalance

METHODS OF CULTIVATION
SEXUAL Merits Seedlings are long live (perennial) Cheapness and easy to raise Only method of choice where asexual method is not possible Demerits Not uniform in growth and yield More time to bear High cost Not possible to avail modifying
1.

 Seeds must be of good quality

Capable of high germination rate, Free from diseases ,insects, other seeds, used seeds

and extraneous material

Pretreatment of seeds
Chemical treatment with stimulants Soaking in water or sulphuric acid Testa is partially removed by grind stone or pound

seeds with coarse sand

ASEXUAL Merits No variation in quality Seedless varieties Early bearing Grafting encourages disease resistance varieties Inferior can be neglected Demerits Limited longevity No new varieties can be evolved
2.

Asexual cultivation

Vegetative propagation BULBS SQUILL,GARLIC

TUBERS POTATO, JALAP RUNNERS-- MENTHA

Micropropogation

CORMS-- SAFFRON RHIZOMES GINGER, TURMERIC SUCKERS- PINEAPPLE

OFFSETS- ALOE, VALERIAN

STOLONS- LIQUORICE

FACTORS INFLUENCING CULTIVATION

ALTITUDE, TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY
RAINFALL AND IRRIGATION

SOILS AND SOIL FERTILITY

FERTILIZERS AND MANURES PEST AND PEST CONTROL

ALTITUDE CHINCHONA
SAFFRON CARDAMOM CLOVE

- 1000-2000 M - 1000-1200 M - 600-1600 M - Upto 900 M

TEMPERATURE
TEA COFFEA CARDAMOM
- 70-90 (F) - 55-70 (F) - 50-100 (F)

RAINFALL AND IRRIGATION

SOILS AND SOIL FERTILITY

TYPES OF SOIL
Soil is made up of mineral matter, air, water, organic matter and

living organisms. Clay more than 50% clay Loamy 30-50% clay Silt loam 20-30% clay Sandy loam 10-20% clay Sandy soil more than 70% sand Calcarious soil more than 20% clay Poor, intermediate and rich Porosity pH

 SOIL FERTILITY
Maintained by addition of animal manure, nitrogen-

fixing bacteria or by application of chemical fertilizers

FERTILIZERS AND MANURES

1. CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
Primary nutrients Secondary nutrients Micronutrients

2. MANURES

Compost Oil seeds cake Bone meal

3. BIOFERTILIZERS

Nitrogen fixing microorganism

Azotobactor Rhizobium

Pests and pest control

Pest is an undesired animal or plant species and

pesticiedes are chemicals derived from synthetic and natural sources effective in small concentration .

Types of pests
1.
2. 3.

4.

Fungi and viruses Insects Weeds Non-insect pests

Fungi and viruses

Ascochyta atropae- leaf necrosis
Cercospora atropae- leaf spot Phytophthora nicotianae- Phytophthora root-rot.

Insects
Agrotis species
Heliothis armigera Caterpillar, cutworms, termites, grass-hoppers, spiders,

mites, Lepidopterus larvae.

Weeds
Undesired plant
Allergies Hay fever-ragweed

Dermatitis-western poison oak.

Non-insect pests
Vertebrates like rats, monkeys, birds, rabbits, squirrels,

pigs. Invertebrates like nematods, snails.

Methods of pest control

Mechanical method
Agricultural method Biological method

Chemical method

Mechanical method
Hand-picking
Burning Trapping

Destruction of eggs, larvae.

Construction of concrete warehouses.

Agricultural method
Plant breeding techniques
Systemic insecticides Deep ploughing

Crop rotation

Biological control
Australian lady beetle lady bug to feed on damaging

insect called cottony cushion scale insect on citrus crop.

Chemical control
Rodenticides- Warfarin, strychnine, Arsenic trioxide,

red squill Insecticides-DDT, parathion, malathion Fungicides- Bordeaux mixture, chlorophenol. Herbicides- Calcium arsenate, 2,4dicholorophenoxy acetic acid. Miticides

Ideal insecticide
Non-toxic and non-injurious to medicinal plants
Selective in action, toxic in low concentration Stable under ordinary conditions of storage, non-

inflammable, noncorrosive

Plant growth regulators

Organic compounds which affect the morphological

and physiological processes of plants in low concentration. Serve a role in regulating cell enlargement, cell division, cell differentiation, organogenesis, senescence and dormancy. Employed in seed treatment Tissue culture technique

 Auxins: Indole acetic acid (IAA) Indole butyric acid (IBA) Napthyl acetic acid (NAA) Internode elongation, leaf growth, initiation of vascular tissues, cambial activity, fruit setting and growth, apical dominance. Interaction with one or more components of biochemical systems involved in the synthesis of proteins.

 Gibberellins Over 50 are known. Promotion of rapid expansion of plant cells, stimulation of seed germination, breaking dormancy, induction of flowering, stem elongation , increase in the size of leaves Induction of activity of gluconeogenic enzymes during early stages of seed germination.

 Cytokinins
Zeatin (natural) e.g., N6 dimethyl aminopurine, Kinetin (synthetic) e.g., adenine, 6-benzyl adenine

benzimidazole Zeatin has effect on cell division and leaf senescence. Kinetin is useful in promoting lateral bud development and inhibition of senescence. Play the role in nucleic acid metabolism and protein synthesis.

 Ethylene Fruit ripening, leaf abscission, stem swelling, leaf bending, flower petal discoloration and inhibition of stem and root growth. Produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon rich substances like natural gas, coal and petroleum.

 Abscisic acid (ABA)

Natural growth inhibitor Responsible for the shedding off of unnecessary parts. Concentrations are enhanced in stress conditions. It interacts with other plant growth substances and

inhibits the GA induced synthesis of -amylase . Synthetic ones include maleic hydrazide, daminozide, glyphosine etc

COLLECTION
Barks: Spring or early summer
Coppicing Felling Up-rooting

Fruits: depending on the part of the fruit being used. Roots: before their vegetative process stops Rhizomes: when they store ample of reserve food material. Flowers: before pollination Leaves: they are sufficiently thick Flowering top: before the flowering stage. Unorganised drugs`

 Harvesting: it is the process of gathering crude drugs from the fields.

Should be done by skilled workers. Underground drugs are harvested by diggers or lifters Aerial parts by binders Flowers, seeds and small fruits by seed stripper.

Other methods include beating, brushing, using long

handled forks, winnowing, uprooting.

Drying
Natural drying Shed drying Sun drying Artificial Tray drying Vacuum drying Spray drying

Garbling
Desired when sand, dirt and foreign organic parts of

the same plant are required to be removed

Packing
Morphological, chemical nature, their use and effects of climatic conditions should be taken into consideration.
Colophony and balsam of tolu packed in kerosene tins Cod liver oil Squill, digitalis, ergot Cinnamon bark.

Packed in gunny bags with polythene internally.

Storage Stored in premises which are water proof, fire proof and rodent
proof, light proof Air-tight, moisture proof and light proof containers Wooden boxes and paper bags should not be used.

Preservation
Colophony Ergot Lard LipidsAntioxidants (BHA, BHT,Vit.-E) Preservation against insect or mould attack Coleoptera Lepidoptera Mites
Drying

Fumigation
Special treatment Temperature