INTRODUCTION Exercise Pgysiology

scott k.
powers
edward t. howley
Exercise Physiology
Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance eighth edition
Chapter
Introduction to Exercise Physiology

Presentation revised and updated by MOHD SANI MADON (PhD) UPSI 2013
Presentation prepared by:
Brian B. Parr, Ph.D. University of South Carolina Aiken

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display outside of classroom use.
Chapter 0
Objectives
1. Describe the scope of exercise physiology as a branch of physiology. 2. Describe the influence of European scientists on the development of exercise physiology. 3. Name the three Nobel Prize winners whose research work involved muscle or muscular exercise. 4. Describe the role of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory in the history of exercise physiology in United States.
Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 0
Objectives
5. Describe factors influencing physical fitness in the United States over the past century. 6. List career options for students majoring in exercise science or kinesiology.
Chapter 0
Outline
Physical Education to Brief History of Exercise Exercise Science and Physiology Kinesiology European Heritage Graduate Study and Harvard Fatigue Laboratory Research in the Physiology of Exercise Physiology, Physical Fitness, and Health Professional Societies and Research Journals Training in Research Careers in Exercise Science and Kinesiology
Chapter 0
Introduction
Physiology
The study of the function of tissues, organs, and systems
e.g. muscle, nerve, heart, lungs, cardiovascular system
Exercise physiology
The study of exercise on the function of these tissues, organs, and systems
Single bout of exercise (acute exercise) Repeated bouts of exercise (training)
Responses to environmental factors

Heat, humidity and altitude
Effects in specific populations

Young and old, healthy individuals and those with disease
Chapter 0
Brief History of Exercise Physiology
European Heritage
Three physiologists received the Nobel Prize for work related to muscle or muscular exercise
A.V. Hill
Heat production during muscle contraction and recovery
Otto Meyerhof
Relationship of O2 consumption and lactic acid in muscle
August Krogh
Function of the capillary circulation
Chapter 0
Nobel Prize Winners
Archibald V. Hill
August Krogh
Otto F. Meyerhof
Chapter 0
European Heritage
Other prominent scientists
J.S. Haldane
Role of CO2 in the control of breathing Developed respiratory gas analyzer
C.G. Douglas
Role of O2 and lactic acid in control of breathing during exercise Douglas bags
Christian Bohr
O2 binding to hemoglobin Bohr shift in oxyhemoglobin-dissociation curve
Chapter 0
In Summary
A.V. Hill, August Krogh, and Otto Meyerhof received the Nobel Prize for work related to muscle or muscular exercise. Numerous European scientists have had a major impact on the field of exercise physiology.
Chapter 0
Harvard Fatigue Laboratory

D.B. Dill
Directed the lab from 19271947
Conducted research in numerous areas

Exercise, clinical, and environmental physiology
Made careful and precise measurements

Using new instruments and techniques
Chapter 0

Other distinguished scientists
Steven Horvath Sid Robinson E. Asmussen E. H. Christensen M. Nielsen August Krogh Rudolpho Margaria Peter F. Scholander
Chapter 0
David Bruce Dill Erling Asmussen, Erik Hohw-Christensen, and Marius Nielsen
Chapter 0
Steven Horvath
Sid Robinson (with A.C. Burton)
Chapter 0
Active Research Areas in the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory

Metabolism Maximal oxygen uptake Oxygen debt Carbohydrate and fat metabolism during long-term work Environmental physiology Altitude Dry and moist heat Cold Clinical physiology Gout Schizophrenia Diabetes Aging Basal metabolic rate Maximal oxygen uptake Maximal heart rate Blood Acid-base balance O2 saturation: role of PO2, PCO2, and carbon monoxide Nutrition Nutritional assessment techniques Vitamins Foods Physical fitness Harvard Step Test
Chapter 0
Comparison of Old and New Technology to Measure VO2 and VCO2
Chapter 0
In Summary
The Harvard Fatigue laboratory was a focal point in the development of exercise physiology in the United States. Dr. D.B. Dill directed the laboratory from its opening in 1927 until its closing in 1947. The body of research in exercise and environmental physiology produced by the scientists in that laboratory formed the foundation for new ideas and experimental methods that still influence us today.
Chapter 0
Physiology, Physical Fitness, and Health
The Study of Physical Fitness

A popular topic today Public Health Service (1980)
Listed physical fitness and exercise as one of the fifteen areas of concern related to the countrys overall health
Chapter 0
Civil War Until the First World War

Physical education primarily concerned with fitness Many physical education leaders were trained in medicine Dr. Dudley Sargent
Hired by Harvard in 1879 Set up physical training programs with individual exercise prescriptions
Chapter 0
Dudley Sargent
Chapter 0
World War I and World War II

Large numbers of draftees failed the induction exams due to mental and physical defects
This is still an issue today due to obesity among recruits
Physical programs began to resemble pre-military training programs
Chapter 0
In the 1950s
Autopsies of young soldiers from the Korean War
Showed significant coronary artery disease had already developed
Hans Kraus
Showed the American children performed poorly on a muscular fitness test compared to Europeans
AAHPERD Youth Fitness Test (1957)

Used in physical education programs nationwide Established national norms
Chapter 0
In the 1980s
AAHPERD published the Health-Related Physical Fitness Test Manual
Focused on fitness, rather than performance, testing Concerned with obesity, cardiorespiratory fitness, low-back function
Cooper Institute FitnessGram

Similar to AAHPERD test Included software for scoring and generation of reports
Chapter 0
Efforts of U.S. Presidents

Eisenhower
Established the Presidents Council on Youth Fitness
Kennedy
Changed name to Presidents Council on Physical Fitness Wrote The Soft American in Sports Illustrated
Nixon
Changed the name to Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports
Obama
Changed it to the current name, Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, & Nutrition
Chapter 0
Additional Events
Epidemiological studies
Degenerative diseases relate to poor health habits High-fat diet, smoking, inactivity
An increased use of exercise tests to diagnose heart disease Large corporations developed executive fitness programs
Evolved into todays Corporate Fitness programs
Chapter 0
Early Corporate Fitness
Chapter 0
In Summary
Fitness has been an issue in this country from the latter part of the nineteenth century until the present. War, or the threat of war, exerted a strong influence on fitness programs in the public schools. In WW II, being underweight and small stature were major reasons for rejecting military recruits; today, obesity is a major cause of rejection.
Chapter 0
In Summary
Recent interest in fitness is related to the growing concern over the high death rates from disease processes that are attributable to preventable factors, such as poor diet, lack of exercise, and smoking. The government and professional organizations have responded to this need by educating the public about these problems. Schools use health-related fitness tests, such as the skinfold estimation of body fat, rather than the more traditional performance tests, to evaluate a childs physical fitness.
Chapter 0
A Closer Look 0.1
Physical Activity Recommendations

American Heart Association (1992)
Made physical inactivity a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases
CDC-ACSM recommendation (1995)

Every U.S. adult should accumulate 30 minutes of moderateintensity physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week
Surgeon Generals Report (1996)

60% adults do not meet recommendations 25% not active at all
Chapter 0
A Closer Look 0.1
Physical Activity Recommendations

U.S. Physical Activity Guidelines (2008)
Based on review of research since 1996 Surgeon Generals report
Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2010)

Provides important information on how to address obesity
Chapter 0
A Closer Look 0.1
Physical Activity and Health

Physical activity has been shown to:
Lower the risk of dying prematurely and from heart disease Reduce the risk of developing diabetes and high blood pressure Help maintain healthy bones, muscles, and joints Help lower blood pressure in those with high blood pressure Promote psychological well-being Help achieve and maintain a healthy body weight
Chapter 0
Physical Education to Exercise Science and Kinesiology
A Change in Focus From Physical Education to Exercise Science

Reduced need for school-based physical education teachers Increased need for professionals in preventive and clinical settings Programs include courses in:
Biomechanics Physiology of exercise Fitness assessment Exercise prescription Exercise leadership
Chapter 0
Graduate Study and Research in the Physiology of Exercise
Undergraduate and Graduate Study

Growth in the number of exercise physiology laboratories
Opportunities for graduate and undergraduate education
Graduates from these laboratories contributed to the field

Started new programs Research productivity
Integrated approach to study

Importance of molecular biology
Chapter 0
Recent Areas of Investigation in Exercise Physiology
Chapter 0
In Summary
The increase in research in exercise physiology was a catalyst that propelled the transformation on physical education departments into exercise science departments. The number of exercise physiology laboratories increased dramatically between the 1950s and the 1970s, with many dealing with problems requiring specialized training in human physiology. In the future, the emphasis will be on molecular biology and its developing technologies as the essential ingredients to solving basic science issues related to physical activity and health.
Chapter 0
In Summary
There is no question about the need for additional research to better understand how to permanently change the physical activity and eating behaviors of individuals in order to realize health-related goals.
Chapter 0
Professional and Scientific Societies and Research Journals
Professional Societies
American Physiological Society (APS) American Association of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation (AAHPER) American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)
United physicians, physical educators, and physiologists
Chapter 0
Research Journals
Growth in research has led to increase in number of journals Allow scientists to communicate research findings
Chapter 0
Research Journals
Chapter 0
Training in Research
Increased specialization in research
Necessary to compete for grants Students must specialize earlier in their careers
Basic research
Examines mechanisms underlying a physiological issue
Applied research
Examines responses to exercise, environmental, or nutritional factors
Chapter 0
In Summary
The growth and development of exercise physiology over the past 60 years has resulted in dramatic increases in the number of organizations and research journals. These journals and professional meetings provide additional opportunities for research findings to be disseminated. A greater need exists for graduate students to identify and specialize in a particular area of research earlier in their careers in order to find the best mentor and university program to realize career goals.
Chapter 0
Careers in Exercise Science and Kinesiology
Careers for Exercise Science and Kinesiology Majors

Personal-fitness training Strength and conditioning Cardiac rehabilitation Athletic training Massage therapy Allied health professions
Physical or occupational therapy
Medicine
Physician or physician assistant
Chapter 0
Requirements for Careers for Exercise Science and Kinesiology

Coursework Practicum or internship
Under direction of professional in field
Graduate study for some careers

Cardiac rehabilitation, athletic training
Certification exam
National Athletic Training Association American College of Sports Medicine National Strength and Conditioning Association
Chapter 0
In Summary
A variety of career paths exist for undergraduates majoring in exercise science and kinesiology. Get some practical experience while you are an undergraduate to help you make a decision about your future, and facilitate entry to a profession or graduate school. Organizations such as the American College of Sports Medicine and the National Strength and Conditioning Association have developed certification programs to establish a standard of knowledge and skill to be achieved by those who lead exercise programs.
Chapter 0
Study Questions
1. Identify two of the most prolific scientists in your personal area of interest in exercise physiology and briefly describe what they have done. Use a research database at the library to find your references. 2. Pick a topic of interest in exercise physiology and describe how a molecular biologist might approach it compared to a scientist interested in doing studies with humans.
Chapter 0
Study Questions
3. Identify one potential career that you are interested in and find out the current expectations for growth in that profession, what the typical salary is in your part of the country, and what additional degrees (if any) are needed to realize your goal. 4. Identify the primary scientific meeting your professors attend. Find out if the organization that sponsors that meeting has a membership category for students, how much it costs, and what you would receive (e.g. journals) if you joined.

INTRODUCTION Exercise Pgysiology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

INTRODUCTION Exercise Pgysiology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

scott k.

Introduction to Exercise Physiology

Presentation prepared by:

Brian B. Parr, Ph.D. University of South Carolina Aiken

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Responses to environmental factors

Effects in specific populations

Brief History of Exercise Physiology

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Brief History of Exercise Physiology

Nobel Prize Winners

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Brief History of Exercise Physiology

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Brief History of Exercise Physiology

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Brief History of Exercise Physiology

Harvard Fatigue Laboratory

Conducted research in numerous areas

Made careful and precise measurements

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Brief History of Exercise Physiology

Harvard Fatigue Laboratory

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Brief History of Exercise Physiology

Harvard Fatigue Laboratory

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Brief History of Exercise Physiology

Harvard Fatigue Laboratory

Sid Robinson (with A.C. Burton)

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Brief History of Exercise Physiology

Active Research Areas in the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Brief History of Exercise Physiology

Comparison of Old and New Technology to Measure VO2 and VCO2

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Brief History of Exercise Physiology

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Physiology, Physical Fitness, and Health

The Study of Physical Fitness

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Physiology, Physical Fitness, and Health

Civil War Until the First World War

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Physiology, Physical Fitness, and Health

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Physiology, Physical Fitness, and Health

World War I and World War II

Physical programs began to resemble pre-military training programs

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Physiology, Physical Fitness, and Health

AAHPERD Youth Fitness Test (1957)

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Physiology, Physical Fitness, and Health

Cooper Institute FitnessGram

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Physiology, Physical Fitness, and Health

Efforts of U.S. Presidents

Physiology, Physical Fitness, and Health

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.