Fractional Factorials Design

Complete factorial design

No. of runs required to estimate main effects , interaction a effect increases rapidly as the number of factors increases.
No. of runs :

2n 26 = 64
No. of p-factor interaction n! = (n p) ! p!

Runs for 6 factors experiment :

No. of statistics to be estimated: 64 These are :

1 6 15 20 15 6 1

average main effects 2- factor interaction effects 3-factor interaction effects 4-factor interaction effects 5-factor interaction effects 6-factor interaction effects

Effect Average Main 2- factor 3- factor

n=2 1 2 1

n =3 1 3 3 1

n=4 1 4 6 4

n =5 1 5 10 10

n =6 1 6 15 20

n =7 1 7 21 35

n =8 1 8 28 56

4- factor
5- factor 6- factor

5
1

15
6 1

35
21 7

70
56 28

7- factor
8- factor

8
1

Fractional Factorial experiment

Higher order interactions are usually n 2 insignificant in comparison to main & 2-factor effects Usually Main effects> 2-factor interaction> 3factor interaction When there is a large no. of factors in a factorial design, very few are really important

Fractional Factorial experiment

Fractional factorial design disregards the possible importance of higher order interactions and use only a fraction of the experimental runs. Any design that involves running only a subset of the possible factor combination is called Fractional Factorial experiment

Air bag experiment

Previous plan with 8 runs
Run S B V Chest g
Large (+)
51.1 61.6 54.0

1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1
+1 1 +1 1 +1 1 +1

1
1 +1 +1 1 1 +1 +1

1
1 1 1 +1 +1 +1 +1

56.2
55.6 61.6 52.2 54.0 50.0 60.3 51.1

Bag size (B) Large (+) Slow () Vent size (V) Small ()

Inflation speed 55.6 (S)

New Plan with 4 runs

VXS

Run 1 2 3

S +

B +

V +

SXB +

BXV

Chest g 54 55.6 61.6

51.1

Contrast matrix and contrast value

C1 1 +1 1 +1 Divisor Contrast value 2 -4.4.5 C2 1 1 +1 +1 2 1.55 C3 +1 1 1 +1 2 -6.05 Chest g 54 55.6 61.6 51.1

Contrast for C1=

55.6 51.1 61.6 54 4.45 2 2

The contrast value for C1 is the difference between average for runs with S (+) level and a similar average for S (-) level. So it is like main effect contrast. Coefficient of Column1 is also the product of BV in the experimental plan. Hence it could be measure BV interaction effect. Therefore the contrast measures the sum of S + BV The S and BV effects are CONFOUNDED OR ALIASED.

Caution

The true S & BV effects may have opposite sign and so may wholly or partially cancel each other in the subset contrast and we may end up with a totally false picture of the situation based upon data from fractional experiment.

S + BV
1 +1 1 +1 Divisor 2 Contrast value -4.4.5
S 1 +1 1 +1 1 B 1 1 +1 +1 1 SB +1 1 1 +1 +1 V 1 1 1 1 +1 S V +1 1 +1 1 1

B + SV
1 1 +1 +1 2 1.55
B V +1 +1 1 1 1

V+ SB
+1 1 1 +1 2 -6.05
SBV 1 +1 +1 1 +1

Chest g
54 55.6 61.6 51.1

Three contrasts for the data with labels

Chest g 56.2 55.6 61.6 52.2 54.0

+1
1 +1

1
+1 +1

1
1 +1

+1
+1 +1

+1
1 +1

1
+1 +1

1
1 +1

50.0
60.3 51.1

Divisor Contrast value

4 - 5.80

4 2.35

4 -3.50

4 - 2.55

4 -0.80

4 1.35 0.90

Generating Fractional Design

Half fractional Design Write down the complete design matrix for first four factors( ZMPD) Worked the signs for ZMPD 4 - factor interaction Use these signs to define the level of 5th Factor i.e. A= ZMPD called GENERATOR Defining Contarst I = ZMPD A Alias of any effect can then be obtained by multiplying the effect by I using normal algebraic rules, with an additional rule that where a term appears even number of times their product is unity

Run

Factor

Enzyme activity

Z
1 2* 3* 4 5* 6 7 8* 9* 10 11 12* 13 14* 15* 16 17* 18 19 20* 21 22* 23* 24 25 26* + + + + + + + + + + + + +

M
+ + + + + + + + + + + +

P
+ + + + + + + + + + + +

D
+ + + + + + + + +

A
+ + + + + + + + + + 109 113 103 113 103 104 106 123 119 146 111 143 116 145 110 148 106 120 113 115 109 117 105 115 96 128

27*
28

+
+

+
+

+
+

95
127

Effect
Average

Estimate based on 32 runs

116.00

Estimate based on 16 runs

116.00

Effect
ZMP ZMD

Estimate based on 32 runs

2.25 0.63 -2.38 0.63 -0.13 0.50 -1.00 -3.00 1.63 0.88

Z M P D A

20.50 -0.63 -0.13 10.25 -7.0

22.00 - 0.50 1.50 10.75 - 7.75

ZMA ZPD ZPA ZDA MPD MPA MDA

ZM ZP ZD ZA MP MD MA PD PA DA

2.13 1.38 12.25 0.75 1.50 -2.13 -0.88 1.13 0.13 -10.25

3.00 3.00 9.25 - 0.25 2.00 - 2.25 - 0.25 - 1.25 0.75 - 8.00

PDA

ZMPD ZMPA ZMDA ZPDA MPDA

-0.75 0.50 1.63 0.13 1.50

ZMPDA

0.00

Effect

Estimate

Average + ZMPDA
Z +MPDA M +ZPDA P +ZMDA D +ZMPA A+ZMPD

116.00
22.00 -0.50 1.50 10.75 - 7.75 3.00

ZM + PDA ZP + MDA ZD + MPA ZA + MPD MP + ZDA

3.00 3.00 9.25 -0.25 2.00

MD + ZPA MA + ZPD
PD + ZMA PA + ZMD DA + ZMP

-2.25 -0.25
-1.25 0.75 -8.00

Write down the complete design matrix for the first four factors Worked out the sign for four factor interaction Use this sign to define the levels of fifth factor
Effect Z

+ + + + +

MPDA

+ + + + +

A
+
+ + + + +

ZMPD
+
+ + + + +

ZM
+
+ + + +

PDA
+
+ + + +

ZA

+ + + + + +

MPD

+ + + + + +

+
+ +

+
+ +

+ +

+ +

+
+ +

+
+ +

+ +

+ +

Generating Fractional Design

Write down the complete design matrix for first four factors( ZMPD) Worked the signs for ZMPD 4 - factor interaction Use these signs to define the level of 5th Factor i.e. A= ZMPD called GENERATOR Defining Contrast I = ZMPD A Alias of any effect can then be obtained by multiplying the effect by I using normal algebraic rules, with an additional rule that where a term appears even number of times their product is unity
Example: Alias of Z = Z I = Z ZMPDA = Z2 MPDA = MPDA Alias of M = M I = M ZMPDA = M2 ZPDA = ZPDA Alias of ZM = ZM I = ZM ZMPDA = Z2M2 PDA= PDA

Design Resolution

Plans with higher resolution number has a simpler confounding pattern Resolution III: In this plan some or all of the main effects are confounded with one or more two way interactions. Resolution IV: In this plan main effects are only confounded with three way or higher order interactions. Some (or all) two way interactions are confounded with other two way interactions Resolution V: The main effects are clear of two way interaction