Dimensionless Groups

Sh
i j
i j
i j
k d

,
,
,
=
Sc
i j
i j

,
,
=
q

Re =

q
vd
Sherwood number
Reynolds number
Schmidt number
mass transfer
fluid flow
mixture property
diameter
film thickness
Re <1 laminar
Re >>1 turbulent
Sc ~1 in gases
Sc ~ 10
3
in liquids
Heat Transfer
mass transfer heat transfer
) Sc (Re, Sh f = ) Pr (Re, Nu f =
k h
a
same as
replace thermal diffusivity
) (
p
c a =
by
by
Tubes - laminar
z
d
vd

~
1
20
v
d
inlet zone fully developed
concentration of absorbing species
laminar Re < 2000
Sh Sc
i j i j
z
d
, ,
. Re =
|
\

|
.
|

162
1 3 1 3
1 3
Sh
i j ,
. = 3 66
Tubes - turbulent
v
d
turbulent
inlet zone
(short)
fully developed
Re > 2000 Sh Sc
i j i j
d
z
, ,
. . Re = +
|
\

|
.
|
0 027 1 07
4 5 1 3

inlet correction
Membrane Spacer
d
z
v
Sh Sc
i j i j
d
z
, ,
. Re =
|
\

|
.
|
19
1 2 1 3
1 2
membranes
spacer wires
300 2000 < < Re
Packed Beds
superficial velocity v void fraction c particle diameter d
external (film) coefficient
Sh Sc
i j i,j ,
.
Re =
0 34
2 3
1 3
c
minimum value (chromatography)
Sh
i j ,
~ 4
Packing with Gas
and Liquid
liquid as a film
over the packing
gas through and
around the packing
liquid, superficial velocity v
L
gas, superficial velocity v
G
d
( )
Sh Re Sc
2 3
i,j
G G
i,j
G
= 0 9 1
1 3
1 3
. c
c void fraction
Sh Re Sc
1 2
i,j
L L
i,j
L
= 19
1 3
liquid:
gas:
outside Rigid Interfaces
k
g

i j i j , ,
/
. =

(
0 3
2
1 3
A
q
q ,
,
and
i j
are values in the fluid outside
for short times
for small particles
for large particles
boundary layer theory
k

t
i j
i j
,
,
. = 113
k

d
i j
i j
,
,
= 2
surface active agents
swept to the back
these immobilise the
drop or bubble when
d
f
g
s

(
o
A
1 2 /
f is the fouling (fudge) factor
f ~ 02 .
in clean liquids
f ~ 1
in dirty liquids
the transition is at
d ~ 1mm
cause surface tension
gradients
Ao d
Mobile or Rigid?
Bubbles with Mobile Interfaces
bubbles:
k
g

i j i j , ,
/
. =

(
0 4
2 2
3
1 6
A
q
q
q and are for the liquid (outside)
outside
k
g

i j
d
i j
d
, ,
/
. =

(
0 4
2 2
3
1 6
A
q
inside (?)

i j
d
,

i j ,
Mobile Drops in a Liquid
q

i j
d
,

i j ,
q
d
mobile drops in a liquid
calculate the rigid and mobile
(bubble) coefficients separately
interpolate using k q q =
d
k k k
i j i j
mobile
i j
rigid
, , ,
.
.
.
=
+
+
+
1
1 0 3
0 3
1 0 3 k
k
k
(these differ for the outer and
inner coefficients)
Drops in a Gas
d
g
~

(
2
1 2
o
A
/
d
g
~

(
4
1 2
o
A
/
rigid
sphere mobile oscillating drop drop shatters