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Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 3rd edition Fishbane Gasiorowicz Thornton
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Chapter 13 Oscillatory Motion

Main Points of Chapter 13

Kinematics and properties of simple harmonic motion

Relationship among position, velocity, and acceleration

Connection to circular motion Springs Energy

Pendulums, simple and physical

Damped and driven harmonic motion

13-1 The Kinematics of Simple Harmonic Motion

Motion is sinusoidal:
(13-1a)

Here, is the angular frequency, and is the phase angle (which sets the position at t = 0)

For = 0:

13-1 The Kinematics of Simple Harmonic Motion

Properties: amplitude A

angular frequency
phase angle

Derived quantities:
Period:
(13-2)

Frequency:

(13-3,5)

13-1 The Kinematics of Simple Harmonic Motion

Can take derivatives to find velocity and acceleration:
(13-7) (13-8)

13-2 A Connection to Circular Motion

Projection of object in uniform circular motion onto a single axis shows that each component of the motion is simple harmonic:
(13-10) (13-11)

13-3 Springs and Simple Harmonic Motion

Spring force depends on displacement:
(13-13)

Here, k is spring constant, different for every spring.

Combining with Newtons second law gives:
(13-14)

13-3 Springs and Simple Harmonic Motion

As in simple harmonic motion, acceleration is proportional to the negative of the displacement, and has a similar solution, with
(13-16)

13-4 Energy and Simple Harmonic Motion

Potential energy of mass on a spring:
(13-18)

As usual,
(13-19)

Substituting for x and v:

(13-20)

(13-21)

13-4 Energy and Simple Harmonic Motion

As sin2 + cos2 = 1, the sum of the kinetic and potential energies is constant:
(13-23)

The total energy varies from being all potential (at extremes of motion) to all kinetic (when spring is neither stretched nor compressed):

13-4 Energy and Simple Harmonic Motion

Besides springs, there are many other systems that exhibit simple harmonic motion. Here are some examples:

13-5 The Simple Pendulum

Position of mass along arc:
(13-26)

Velocity along the arc:

(13-27)

Tangential acceleration:
(13-28)

13-5 The Simple Pendulum

The tangential force comes from gravity (tension is always centripetal for a pendulum):
(13-29)

Substituting,
(13-30)

This is almost a harmonic-oscillator equation, but the right-hand side has sin instead of .

13-5 The Simple Pendulum

Fortunately, if is small, sin :
(13-33)

(13-35)

Energy of a simple pendulum:

(13-37)

(13-39)

13-6 More About Pendulums

The Physical Pendulum
Any object, if suspended and then displaced so the gravitational force does no run through the center of mass, can oscillate due to the torque.
(13-40)

Also, And therefore

(13-41)

(13-42)

13-6 More About Pendulums

As before, sin can be replaced by if is small, and the motion is simple harmonic with frequency:
(13-43a)

13-7 Damped Harmonic Motion

Look at drag force that is proportional to velocity; b is the damping coefficient:
(13-44)

Then the equation of motion is:

(13-45)

Trial solution and need to be found:

(13-46)

13-7 Damped Harmonic Motion

Solving,
(13-47)

(13-48)

For light damping, motion is oscillatory within an exponential envelope:

13-7 Damped Harmonic Motion

For heavier damping, but still underdamped, we have the green curve: When ,

13-7 Damped Harmonic Motion

This is critical damping, and the value of b for which this occurs is bc:
(13-49)

When b > bc, overdamped When b < bc, underdamped

13-7 Damped Harmonic Motion

Exponential envelope has time constant:
(13-50)

Can also define quality factor Q:

(13-51)

13-8 Driven Harmonic Motion

Now, have a sinusoidal driving force, which may or may not be at the natural frequency of the system. Equation of motion becomes:
(13-52)

Test solution:
(13-53)

13-8 Driven Harmonic Motion

Solving for the amplitude:

(13-54)

Amplitude is maximum when = 0 Must be some damping, or amplitude would become infinite

13-8 Driven Harmonic Motion

Position of peak amplitude shifts as b increases:
(13-55)

13-8 Driven Harmonic Motion

Also, peak becomes broader as b increases:
(13-56)

Summary of Chapter 13
Simple harmonic motion in one dimension:
(13-1a)

Relation of acceleration and displacement:

(13-8)

Example: movement of mass on a spring is simple harmonic, with angular frequency

(13-16)

Summary of Chapter 13, cont.

Potential energy of a mass on a spring:
(13-18)

Total energy is constant:

(13-23)

Simple pendulum exhibits simple harmonic when angular displacement is small, with period:
(13-26)

Summary of Chapter 13, cont.

Most small oscillations around an equilibrium point are simple harmonic Forces that oppose motion drag or friction cause amplitude of simple harmonic motion to decay Driven harmonic oscillator has amplitude that depends on how close driving frequency is to natural frequency