Since the turn of the 20th century,Telecommunication has shifted from the traditional voice transport to data transport,although

digitized voice is still a large contributor. Instead of an of the evolution existing transport standards, a revolution was necessary to enable the additional data related transport. This revolution is the need of time to share the concepts on the

Next Generation Of SDH

10:44 TX-I 1

Review Of SDH
As the PDH MUXs were designed to transport the voice signals and private lines the SDH MUXs were designed to transport the same signals.

Because of their nature of multiplexing they are refereed as Time Division Multiplexes. An additional advantage of design of SDH is the multiplexing structure , where PDH tributary signals are mapped as payload into containers.
10:44 TX-I 2

These containers along with their own timing information and OA&M overhead are transported as independent virtual containers in SDH network. The multiplex structure of SDH is also designed to take care of higher order multiplexes to meet the demand of transporting more and more payload. On evolution of SDH, to further provide increased bandwidth the concept of Contiguous Con CAT Tenation and introduction of CCAT in existing networks by using virtual Con CAT Tenation need to be introduced.
10:44 TX-I 3

Next Generation SDH

VCAT can also be used to provide efficiently a matching bandwidth for non voice related signals.

The most recent defined application is the deployment of V CAT to enable the gradual use of an ALL OPTICAL TRANSPORT NETWORK(OTN) in existing SDH networks
All these features were taken care in NEXT GENERATION SDH.
10:44 TX-I 4

 SDH/ SONET - is the deployed technology in the core network with huge investments in capacity! Ethernet - is the dominant technology of choice at LANs and well known at all enterprises worldwide! Data traffic is still growing, but only at a slower speed than expected All network topologies focusing on a IP/Ethernet ONLY approach are shifted to long-term future.

The Status Today

The future today:

10:44

Bring SONET/SDH and Ethernet together!

TX-I 5

New Customer Applications

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

LAN

LAN
PC

Ethernet SONET/SDH Fibre Channel

Server

Core Network

Edge Network Storage Area Network (SAN)

Storage Server

10:44

TX-I

Bringing it all together?

Customer expects: QoS & BW at low costs Native Data Interfaces Use & Improve what he knows!
Operator wants: Reduce Opex Realize revenue-earning services Use bandwidth of Core Network Low investment immediate ROI Close the edge bottleneck! Manufacturer needs: ...to develop solutions...fast!

LAN
Voice Core

X
Edge Edge
SAN

10:44

Solution: Make SONET/SDH flexible & data aware at the edge and still use the TX-I existing core!

Ethernet vs. SONET/SDH

Ethernet SONET / SDH

Mass market
Asynchronous Dynamic Bandwidth Connection less Best Effort Service

Carrier Class market

Synchronous Fixed Bandwidth Connection oriented High Quality of Service

10:44

How to solve all these challenges? TX-I

In the last years of the 20 th century, due to unlimited popularity of INTERNET and the expansion of Internet Protocol (IP) based networks, an explosion of IP based system occurred in Global Telecom Industries. Further the application of Ethernet was growing beyond the limits of (LAN) into (MAN) and even larger (WAN) The demand for data storage shared among systems in remote location was growing.
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Since due to the existence and availability of SDH Network, with quality of service and protection mechanisms it is possible to provide the transport of Data signals in the same way as for voice signals and private lined.
Since keeping in view of variable bandwidth requirement with time,the payload container capacity provided by VCAT is not always used in efficient way. To improve this utilization, a protocol has been designed to adjust flexibly container size.
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SDH Initial Multiplex Structure

STM-1 Pointer processing multiplexing Aligning Mapping x3 x7 TUG-2 x1 TU-2 x 3 VC-4 x1 AUG-1 x1 AU-4

TUG-3 x1

x4 TU-11

x3

TU-12

TU-3

VC-11

VC-12

VC-2

VC-3

C-11

C-12
E1

CC C-2 DS2 TX-I

C-3 E3/DS3

C-4
E4 11

DS1 10:44

Payload Container Concatenation

Driven by a demand for higher SDH? SONET multiplexes as required by new developments in optical technologies, ITU-T have extended the existing multiplexes structures. Similar to PDH multiplexing schemes, each next higher order Multiplexes in SDH has a four times larger payload transport Capacities than the previous multiplex. The payload capacities of these new higher multiplexes can also be used to transport a single contiguous payload container. This methodology used is called Concatenation.
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SDH Extended Multiplex Structure

STM-1 Pointer processing multiplexing Aligning x1 AUG-1 x1 AU-4 STM-4 x1 STM-16 x1 x4 STM-64 x1 x4 STM-256 x1 AUG-256

AUG-64

Mapping
x3 x 3 TUG-3 x1 TU-3 VC-3 Contiguous Concatenation
C-11

VC-4 x4

x4

x4 AUG-4 x1 AU-4-4c VC-4-4c

AUG-16 Higher order multiplexes x1 AU-4-16c VC-4-16c x1 AU-4-64c VC-4-64c x1 AU-4-256c VC-4-256c

x7 x1 x4 TU-11 VC-11 x3 TU-12 TU-2 VC-2 TUG-2

VC-12

C-12 E1

CC C-2 DS2

DS1 10:44

C-3 E3/DS3

C-4 C-4-4c E4TX-I

C-4-16c

C-4-64C

C-4-256C 13

New SONET/SDH at the Edge

Customer
Edge
Ethernet Native Interfaces Adaptation
SONET MUX/DEMUX

Operator
Core

GFP

VC

Ficon Escon Fibre Channel

Link Generic Virtual Frame Concatenation Capacity Adjustment Procedure Scheme LAPS

LCAS

SONET/ SDH

10:44

Thats New SONET/SDH

TX-I 14

Customer needs Ethernet

Problem: How can we efficiently transport Ethernet over an existing SONET/SDH network? Mbit/s 100 75 50 25
Customer 1 = 10M
Customer 3 = 100M

Customer 2 = 60M

Typical Ethernet Traffic Connections

Ethernet Packet

3 4 1 2 Example: For 10M available SDH - Containers are...

VC-12
10:44

time

...too small !

OR

VC-3 48.38 Mbit/s

... inefficient 20%

15

2.176 Mbit/s

TX-I

SDH Line Rates

Transport 10M Ethernet over SDH?
10 M

5x

Standard Containers are inefficient!

SDH Payload Sizes C-11 1.600 Mbit/s C-12 2.176 Mbit/s C-2 6.784 Mbit/s C-3 48.384 Mbit/s C-4 149.760 Mbit/s

Cant 5 x VC-12 be concatenated?

Contiguous Concatenation only large containers!
Contiguous Concatenation C-4-4c 0.599 Gbit/s C-4-16c 2.396 Gbit/s C-4-64c 9.584 Gbit/s C-4-256c 38.338 Gbit/s16 TX-I

10:44

Concatenation?
Contiguous Concatenation Offers concatenated payloads in fixed, large steps One towing truck (POH) for all containers All containers are on one path thru the network
C4 C4 C4 C4

Virtual Concatenation
Offers structures in a fine granularity

VC-4-4c

Contiguous Concatenation C-4-4c 599.040 Mbit/s C-4-16c 2.396truck Gbit/s Every container has its own towing (POH) C-4-64c 9.584 Gbit/s Every container might take a different path C-4-256c 38.338 Gbit/s VC-4 #4 VC-4 #3 VC-4 #2 VC-4 #1
10:44 TX-I

VC-4-4v

17

CC: VC-4-Xc Container

Overhead N x 9 bytes Payload N x 261 bytes

RSOH

STM-N
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

AU-4 Pointer

Fixed Stuff

MSOH

C-4-Xc

X -1 X x 261 bytes

VC-4-Xc

VC-4-Xc, where X=4, 16, 64, 256

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VC: VC-4-Xv Container

Overhead N x 9 bytes Payload N x 261 bytes

RSOH

STM-N
J1 J1 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 B3 C2 G1

AU-4 Pointer

MSOH

VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

X frames 261 bytes

10:44

VC-4-Xv, where X = 1..256 TX-I

19

SDH Concatenation
STM-16 with VC-4-4c
Contiguous concatenation
VC-4-1 VC-4-2 VC-4-3 VC-4-4

RSOH
VC-4-5 VC-4-6 VC-4-7 VC-4-8

AU-4 Pointer
VC-4-9 VC-4-10 VC-4-11 VC-41-2

MSOH

VC-4-13

VC-4-14

VC-4-15

VC-4-16

STM-4 with VC-4-2v

Virtual concatenation RSOH AU-4 Pointer
VC-4-3 VC-4-4 VC-4-1 VC-4-2

VC-4-#1

MSOH

VC-4-#2

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VCG = Virtual Container Group TX-I

20

SDH Concatenation
2x STM-16 with VC-4-11v
VC-4-1

RSOH
VC-4-5

#1

VC-4-2

VC-4-3

#8

VC-4-4

#9

VC-4-6

VC-4-7

VC-4-8

AU-4 Pointer
VC-4-9 VC-4-10

Virtual Concatenation spread across TWO frames

#2

VC-4-11

VC-41-2

#11 #4

MSOH

VC-4-13

#10

VC-4-14

VC-4-15

#3

VC-4-16

VC-4-1

VC-4-2

VC-4-3

RSOH
VC-4-5 VC-4-6 VC-4-7

#5

VC-4-4

VC-4-8

AU-4 Pointer
VC-4-9 VC-4-10

#6

VC-4-11

VC-41-2

MSOH

VC-4-13

VC-4-14

VC-4-15

VC-4-16

#7

VCG = Virtual Container Group

10:44 TX-I 21

Virtual Concatenation (VC or Vcat)

Virtual Concatenation is standardized with SONET containers (ANSI T.105) or SDH containers (ITU-T G.707) Virtual Concatenation provides a scheme to build right-sized SONET/SDH containers Virtual Concatenation offers a very fine granularity

10:44

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22

VC Nomenclature

VC-n -X v
Virtual Container n n=4, 3, 2, 12, 11
Defines the type of virtual containers, which will be virtually concatenated.

Number of virtually concatenated containers

All X Virtual Containers form together the Virtual Concatenated Group (VCG)

Indictor for Virtual Concatenation

v = virtual concatenation c = contiguous concatenation

Virtual Concatenated Group (VCG) of X VC-n containers!

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High and Low Order VC

High Order Virtual Concatenation
refers to virtually concatenated...
VC-4 VC-3

containers

Low Order Virtual Concatenation

refers to virtually concatenated...
VC-2

VC-12
VC-11
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containers
24

VC-4-Xv Granularity
VC-4

Example High Order VC: VC-4 Container Size 150,3 Mbit/s VC-4 Payload Size 149,76 Mbit/s VCGs: VC-4-1v VC-4-2v VC-4-7v
VCG Granularity

Minimum

Payload Size Payload Size Payload Size

149,76 Mbit/s 299,52 Mbit/s 1048,3 Mbit/s 38338 Mbit/s

VCG Payload Capacity

Maximum

VC-4-256v Payload Size

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TX-I

25

VC-12-Xv Granularity
VC-12

Example Low Order VC: VC-12 Container Size 2,240 Mbit/s VC-12 Payload Size 2,176 Mbit/s VCGs: VC-12-1v Payload Size VC-12-2v Payload Size VC-12-5v Payload Size
VCG Granularity

Minimum

2,176 Mbit/s 4,352 Mbit/s 10,88 Mbit/s 139,26 Mbit/s

VCG Payload Capacity

Maximum

VC-12-64v Payload Size

10:44

TX-I

26

VC Granularity and max. Capacity

Nomenclature
VC-4 VC-3

Granularity 149 M 48 M 6.8 M 2.2 M 1.6M

Max. Capacity - 38.3G - 12.7 G - 434 M - 139 M - 102 M

VC-4 n v VC-3 n v VC-2 n v VC-12 n v VC-11 n v

VC-2 VC-12 VC-11

10:44

Maximum Concatenation: Max. Capacity:

TX-I

= 256 containers = 256 x granularity

27

VC Rate Efficiencies
Data Rates Ethernet (10M) Fast Ethernet (100M) ESCON (200M) Gigabit Ethernet (1G) Efficiency w/o VC VC3 20% VC-4 67% VC-4-4c 33% VC-4-16c 42% using VC VC-12-5v 92% VC-12-46v 100% VC-3-4v 100% VC-4-6v 89% VC-4-7v 85%

Fibre Channel (800M) VC-4-16c 33%

Example:
100M Ethernet 8x E1 Services 2x 10M Ethernet
VC-12-46v VC-12-5v VC-12-5v

STM-1 = 64 x VC-12

More services integrated- by using VC!

10:44 TX-I 28

Transporting Concatenated Signals

Contiguous Concatenation
C-4 C-4 C-4 C-4 C-4 C-4 NE C-4 C-4 C-4 C-4 C-4

One Path
NE

C-4

Core Network

VC-4-4c

Virtual Concatenation
Differential Delay
VC-4 #1 VC-4 #2

Path 1

VC-4 #1 VC-4 #1 VC-4 #2 VC-4 #2

VC-4 #1 VC-4 #2

10:44

Path 2
TX-I

VC-4-2v
29

This protocol has been named as LINK CAPACITY ADJUSTMENT SCHEME (LCAS).
In LCAS protocol, LCAS overheads signals added to the virtual concatenation control information that were required to provide a flexible and hitless increase or decrease of a virtual concatenated signal.

10:44

TX-I

30

The major part of IP, Ethernet traffic is transported over the public network by encapsulating it in frame relay,point to point protocol(POP), high Level Data link Control (HDLC),Packet over SDH ( POS), Asynchronous transport multiplex (ATM),Fiber Channel ( FC), Enterprise Systems Connectivity (ESCON ) and Fiber CONnectivity (FICON) have originally been transported over public network by using propriety Vender specific solutions.

10:44

TX-I

31

SDH
ATM POS PDH HDLC PPP Ethernet IP SAN FC ESCON FICON

Packet data transfer

10:44 TX-I 32

Most line interfaces for IP edges routers and most Frame Relays and PPP interfaces operate at PDH rates or low SDH rates, although STM-16 & STM-64 interfaces are introduced very rapidly, especially in MAN & WAN network.
Due to the widespread availability of inexpensive 10/100/ 1000 Mbit/s Ethernet interfaces on Customer Premises Equipment (CPE), e.g. switches and routers,there is growing need to improve the transport capabilities of ISP , POP equipment and SAN interconnectivity.

10:44

TX-I

33

Further due to the recent introduction of Virtual Private Network (VPN),there is basic need for a QoS, standard mechanism to transport IP,Ethernet and SAN traffic over SDH and DWDM networks. Based on this interest, a mapping of all such Variable Bit Rates ( VBR) signals into a Constant Bit Rates (CBR) signals was developed. This mapping is defined as GENERIC FRAME PEOCEDURE (GFP) and will be discussed in detail in Next Generation SDH talk.
10:44 TX-I 34

Limited set of abbreviations, terms and definitions

An SDH Container is equivalent of a SONET synchronous load Envelope. C-n(n=3,4)-a continuous payload container of type n, represented as a frame structure by using a metrix with 9 rows by p columns where each cell contain one byte.The frame time is 125 micro seconds. This container can transport CBR signal of 9*p*8*8 Kbit/s. A container C-4(p=260) can transport 149760 kbit/s. A container C-3(p=84) can transport 48384 kbit/s
10:44 TX-I 35

C-m(m=2,12,11)-a continuous payload container of type m, represented as a frame structure by using a metrix with 4 rows by q columns where each cell contain one byte.The frame time is 500 micro seconds. This container can transport CBR signal of 4*q*8*8 Kbit/s. A container C-2(q=106) can transport 6784 kbit/s.

A container C-12(q=43) can transport 2176 kbit/s.

A container C-11(q=25) can transport 1544 kbit/s

10:44

TX-I

36

VC-n - Virtual container of type n, equal to a container C-n with an additional 9 bytes Path Over Heads and fixed stuff. It is used for the SDH virtual containers VC-4 and VC-3 VC-m - Virtual container of type m, equal to a container C-m with an additional 4 bytes Path Over Heads and fixed stuff. It is used for the SDH virtual containers VC-2 , VC-12 and VC-11.

10:44

TX-I

37

C-n-Xc -a contiguous concatenated payload container of size x times the size of a container C-n.
VC-n-Xc -Virtual container transporting a container C-n-Xc with an additional Path Over Heads and optional fixed stuff columns.

VC-n-Xv -Virtual concatenated VC-n, used to indicate any of following: a VC-4-Xv , VC-3-Xv . VC-m-Xv -Virtual concatenated VC-m, used to indicate any of following: a VC-2-Xv , VC-12-Xv , VC-11-Xv.
10:44 TX-I 38

 Sn- used in functional models to refer higher order VC-n layer (n=3,4,4-Xc) or lower order VC-3 layer. Sm- used in functional models to refer higher order VC-m layer (m=11,12,2). E1 -2048 Kbit/s framed PDH signal connected to electrical interface E12.It has basic frame structure of 32v time slots at a frame rate of 125 micro seconds. For additional quality of service, a CRC-4 multiframe is used consisting of 16 basic frames at a mutiframe rate of 2 ms.

E3 - a 34368 Kbit/s framed PDH signals connected to electrical interface E31.

E4 - a 139264 Kbit/s framed PDH signals connected to electrical interface E4..
10:44 TX-I 39