LNG PLANT

1. World-wide LNG Liquefaction Plants 2. Baseload LNG Plant 3. LNG Complex Scheme 4 Typical Cost Breakdown 5. Gas Reception 6. Pre Treatment 7. Liquefaction 8. Fractionation & LPG Recovery 9. LNG Storage & Loading

Jan-2008

1. Worldwide LNG Liquefaction Plant

Snohvit, Norway

Skikda, Algeria Arzew, Algeria

Qatargas, Qatar RasLaffan, QatarTombak, Iran

Kenai Sakhalin, Russia Jose, Venezuela Atlantic, Trinidad

Das Island, Abu Dhabi Bintulu, Malaysia Damietta, Egypt Brunei Oman Yemen Bonny, Nigeria Arun, Indonesia Tangguh, Indonesia Bontang, Indonesia Angola Woodside, Australia Namibia

Libya

Camisea, Peru

Existing Existing Planned or Construction

2. Baseload LNG Plant

2.1 General Profile
Capacity mtpa Trains Nos. Liquefaction Process Driver Project Country Start Year Cooling Media Heating Media EPC Contractor

Camel Kenai Libya Brunei Skikda,Ph1 Adgas,Tr1&2 Bontang,A/B Arun,No1-3 Arzew,No1 Arzew,No2 Skikda,Ph2 Buntulu,Satu Bontang,C/D Arun,No4&5 Arun,No6 Woodside,Tr1-3 Bontang,E Bontang,F Adgas,Tr3 Buntulu,Dua QatarGas,Tr1&2 Bontang,G Atlantic,Tr1 Bontang,H Nigeria,Tr1& 2 RasLaffan,Tr1&2 Oman,Tr1&2 Atlantic,Tr2&3 Nigeria,Tr3 Buntulu,Tiga QatarGas,Tr3 RasLaffan,Tr3 SEGas,Tr1 Woodside,Tr4 Atlantic,Tr4 Idku,Tr1&2 Nigeria,Tr4 RasLaffan,Tr4 Darwin

Algeria USA Libya Brunei Algeria UAE Indonesia Indonesia Algeria Algeria Algeria Malaysia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Australia Indonesia Indonesia UAE Malaysia Qatar Indonesia Trinidad T Indonesia Nigeria Qatar Oman Trinidad T Nigeria Malaysia Qatar Qatar Egypt Australia Trinidad T Egypt Nigeria Qatar Australia

1964 1969 1970 1972 1972 1977 1977 1978 1978 1980 1980 1983 1983 1984 1987 1988 1990 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 2000 2002 2002 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2005 2005 2005 2005 2006

0.44 0.95 0.64 1.44 1.0 1.23 1.67 1.67 1.22 1.22 1.21 2.53 1.67 1.67 1.67 2.43 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.65 2.2 2.6 3.0 2.95 2.95 2.9 3.3 3.3 2.95 3.87 4.7 4.7 5.0 4.2 5.2 3.6 4.0 4.7 3.5

3 2 4 5 1 2 2 3 6 6 2 3 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1

TEAL,Cascade Phillips,Cascade APCI,MR APCI,PP+MR TEAL,2Pressure APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR Prichard,PRICO APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR Phillips,Cascade APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR Phillips,Cascade APCI,PP+MR Shell,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR Shell,PP+MR Phillips,Cascade Phillips,Cascade APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR Phillips,Cascade

Stm/T G/T Stm/T Stm/T Stm/T Stm/T Stm/T F5x3 Stm/T Stm/T Stm/T Stm/T Stm/T F5x3 F5x3 F5x4 Stm/T Stm/T Stm/T F6+F7 F5x4 Stm/T F5x6 Stm/T F6+F7 F7x2 F6+F7 F5x6 F6+F7 F7+F7 F5x5 F7x2 Fr7x2 F7x2 F5x8 F5x5 F7x2 F7x2 LM2500x6

SW CW SW CW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW Air SW SW SW SW+Air SW SW Air SW CW SW+CW SW Air CW Air SW SW+CW Air Air Air Air Air SW+CW Air

Steam ? Steam Steam Steam Steam Steam Steam Steam Steam Steam Steam Steam Steam Steam HotWater Steam Steam Steam Steam Steam Steam HotOil Steam HotOil Steam HTF HotOil HTF HotOil Steam Steam HotOil HotWater HotOil ? HTF Steam ?

Technip/Prichard Phillips/Bechtel/SW Esso R&E/Snam/Bechtel JGC/Procon Technip CCEC/Bechtel Bechtel Bechtel Bechtel Pullman Kellogg Prichard/ Pullman kellogg JGC/Kellogg Bechtel CCEC JGC JGC/Kellogg/Kaiser CCEC CCEC/IKPT CCEC JGC/Kellogg CCEC CCEC/IKPT Bechtel Kellogg/IKPT JGC/Kellogg/Technip/Snam JGC/Kellogg CCEC/FW Bechtel JGC/Kellogg/Technip/Snam JGC/Kellogg CCEC CCEC JGC/Kellogg/Technicas Kellogg/JGC/Hatch/Clough Bechtel Bechtel JGC/Kellogg/Technip/Snam CCEC Bechtel

2.1 General Profile (update)

Project Country Start Year Capacity mtpa Trains Nos. Liquefaction Process Driver Cooling Media Heating Media EPC Contractor

2. Baseload LNG Plant

2006 2007 2007 2007 4.1 4.7 3.4 4.1 1 1 1 1 APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR Phillips,Cascade Linde MFC F7x2 F7x2 F5x6 Motor

Nigeria,Tr5 RasLaffan,Tr5 Equatorial Guinea Snohvit

Nigeria Qatar Guinea Norway

Air SW+CW ? SW

HTF Steam ? HTF

JGC/Kellogg/Technip/Snam CCEC Bechtel Linde

Sakhalin Qatar Gas II Nigeria,Tr6 Tangguh Woodside, Tr5 Yemen RasGas II

Russia Qatar Nigeria Indonesia Australia Yemen Qatar

2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2009

4.8 7.8 4.1 3.8 4.2 3.4 7.8

2 2 1 2 1 2 2

Shell DMR APCI,APX APCI,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR Shell,PP+MR APCI,PP+MR APCI,APX

F7x2 F9x3 F7x2 F7x2 F7x2 F7x2 F9x3

2.2 Evolution of LNG Train Capacity

8
QGII

2. Baseload LNG Plant

Million Ton/Yr

Steam Turbine Driven Gas Turbine Driven Elec Motor Driven

5
Helper Motor

Egypt SEGAS

Power Export

Motor Drive
Snohvit Tangguh

GE Fr. 6&7

Egypt Idku Ras Laffan Exp Malaysia Tiga

GE Fr.5

Woodside Exp Oman Atlantic

Malaysia Dua Nigeria Malaysia Australia Qatargas Arun Arun 6 Abu Dhabi

2
Badak Lybia Brunei Camel Kenai Abu Dhabi Skikda Arzew

Ras Laffan

0 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

GE Fr.9

2010

3. LNG Complex Scheme

End Flash gas LNG TRAIN LNG BOG HANDLING

ACID GAS REMOVAL

DEHYDRATION

MERCURY REMOVAL

SCRUB COLUMN

LIQUEFACTION

TANK
REFRIG. STORAGE

FUEL GAS SYSTEM NG RECIEVING & METERING

FRACTIONATION

C3 & MR REFRIGE-RANT TANK LP G

CONDENSATE RECOVERY RAW WATER WATER TREATMENT STEAM GENERATION ELECT. GENERATOR FIRE PROTECTION FLARE & LIQ.DISPOSAL

TANK CONDENSATE

COOLING WATER

INERT GAS

INSTRUMENT & SERVICE AIR WET /COLD/ OPERATIONAL/ LIQUID /TANK/ SPARE FLARES

4.1 Typical Cost Breakdown

LNG Train 48%

4. Plant Cost

Liquefaction 36%

Dehydration 3% Gas Treating 7%

Fractionation 2%

Jetty 3% Offsite Facility 13%

Utility 14%

G/T, Air Cooled LNG Plant

Storage & Loading 22%

4. Plant Cost
4.2 Historical Cost of LNG Plant
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Brunei Malaysia Australia Nigeria Ras Laffan

Trinidad Oman

Design Year

Robert G. Ryan et.al., Special Report LNG Evolution, Oil&Gas J July 16,2001

4.3 Historical Cost of LNG Plant (update)

4. Plant Cost

5.1 Particulars of LNG Plant Projects

High Quality & Reliability Required LNG Chain (Long term contract between Seller and Buyer, LNG Ship) Large CAPEX High Grade Material for HP /LT conditions Merit of Scale Finance Completion Reliability Long-term PJ Schedule Phased Development Required Remote Sites

5. LNG Plant Projects

5. LNG Plant Projects

5.2 Technologies
Particular Aspects of LNG Technology Process Licensers Limited

LNG Equipment Long Delivery Large Size Technical Complexity - Main Cryogenic Exchangers - Gas Turbines & Compressors - Liquid Expanders - LNG Tanks

5.3 Current Requirements

5. LNG Plant Projects

Lower Investment & Operation Costs Shorter Completion Schedules Higher Availability More Environmentally Friendly

5. LNG Plant Projects

5.4 Typical Schedule
2nd year 3rd year 4th year

1st year

5th year

6th year

7th year

DEFINITION BOD/BDP BCE FRONT END DESIGN LICENSORS DESIGN FEED PACKAGE EPC COST ESTIMATE(10%) EPC BIDDING PROPOSAL EVALUATION IMPLEMENTATION PROC. CRITICAL ITEMS SITE PREPARATION EPC START UP

6. Gas Reception & Pre Treatment

6.1 Slug Catcher & Stabilizer

Feed Gas Separator Feed Gas & Condensate (Two Phase)

Feed Gas Recovery Compressor

Pig Receiver Slug Catcher Stabilizer

Condensate

6. Gas Reception & Pre Treatment

6.2 Metering & Feed Gas Compression
F

Metering Skid Inlet Separator Booster Compressor After Cooler To LNG Train

Feed Gas
Metering Skid Inlet Separator After Cooler

Booster Compressor

F Booster Compressor

After Cooler

Metering Skid

Inlet Separator

6. Gas Reception & Pre Treatment

6.3 Acid Gas Removal Scheme

Sweet Gas
Lean Amine Absorber Regenerator

Acid Gas to Downstream

Feed Gas Rich Amine

6. Gas Reception & Pre Treatment

6.4 Comparison of Solvents
MEA
Partial

H2S CO2 Mercaptans Degradation H2S

MDEA
Partial

Sulfinol CO2 CS2

small

(Benfield) No

COS CO2 CS2

large

No
large

select

X
small

Q duty Adsorption

chem.

chem.

chem.
physic.

chem.

6. Gas Reception & Pre Treatment

6.5 Dehydrator

Recycle Gas Compressor

Water

Regeneration Gas Heater

Propane Refrigerant Wet Gas Dehydrator Dry Gas

7.1 Process Classification

External Refrigerant type Cascade Mixed Refrigerant Process (MR Process) - Single MR - Dual MR - C3 Pre-cooled Self-refrigerant Process Expander Process Nitrogen Cycle (Peak-shaving & On-board)

7. Liquefaction

7.2 Existing Process

7. Liquefaction

Single MR Process (PRICO) TEALARC Dual MR (Technip) CASCADE Process (Phillips) C3 Pre-cooled MR Process (APCI, Shell)

7.2.1 Single MR (PRICO)

Low Pressure Refrigerant

Treated Feed Gas

High Pressure Refrigerant Inter Cooler

Inter Stage Scrubber

Refrigerant Heat Exchanger

Inter Stage Pump Refrigerant Condenser Refrigerant Compressor Refrigerant Pump

GASTECH 1998

Heavy Liquid Separator Heavy Liquid to Processing LNG To Storage

7.2.2 TEALARC Dual MR (Technip)

Treated Feed Gas Mixed Refrigerant

Refrigerant Heat Exchanger Pre-refrigeration Cycle

Fractionators Mixed Refrigerant

C2+

Refrigerant Heat Exchanger

Liquefaction Cycle LNG to Storage

by LNG9 1989

7.2.3 Cascade Process (Phillips)

C3 Surge Drum

Treated Feed Gas

Refrigerant Heat Exchanger After Cooler C3 Compressor C2= Surge Drum

After Cooler C2+ to Fractionation C2= Compressor After Cooler Refrigerant Heat Exchanger Fuel Gas

C1 Compressor

LNG to Storage

Ship and Tank Vapor

by GASTECH 1996

7.2.4 Propane Pre-cooled MR (APCI)

Fuel Gas LNG to Storage

N2 Reject

C3 Pre-cooling

C3 Compressor

MR Compressor

LP C3

Scrub Column

MP C3

Mixed Refrigerant
Refrigerant Heat Exchanger HHP HP C3 C3 MP C3 LP C3 LPG Fractionation

HP C3 Treated Feed Gas LPG Condensate

7.2.5 Cooling Curve of Cascade Process

20 0 -20 -40

Natural Gas

Temperature (C)

Propane
-60 -80 -100 -120 -140

Ethylene

Methane

-160 1000 2000 3000

Enthalpy difference (kcal/mol)

7.2.6 Cooling Curve of C3 Pre-cooled MR

20

0
-20

Natural Gas

Temperature (C)

-40 C3 Cycle -60 -80 -100 -120 MR Cycle

-140
-160 1000 2000 3000

Enthalpy difference (kcal/mol)

7. Liquefaction
7.3 New Process

Dual MR Process (Shell) Liqeufin Process (Axens) MFC Process (Linde) AP-X Process (APCI)

7.3.1 Dual MR Process (Shell)

Fuel Gas LNG to Storage N2 Reject

Mixed Refrigerant Spool wound Heat Exchangers MR Compressor

Compressor

Scrub Column

Mixed Refrigerant
Refrigerant Heat Exchanger LPG Fractionation

Treated Feed Gas

LPG Condensate
by LNG12 1998

7.3.2 Liquefin Dual MR (IFP-Axens)

Treated Feed Gas After Cooler

Refrigerant Heat Exchanger Fuel Gas After Cooler MR 1 Compressors

Inter Cooler MR2 Compressors Expander

LNG to Storage

by GASTECH 1998

7.3.3 Mixed Fluid Cascade (LINDE)

Treated Feed Gas

Refrigerant Heat Exchanger

Fuel Gas
Pre-cooling Cycle Refrigerant Heat Exchanger

Liquefaction Cycle

Refrigerant Heat Exchanger

End Flash LNG to Storage

Sub-cooling Cycle

7.3.4 AP-XTM Process (APCI)

Coil Wound Sub-cool Heat Exchanger Propane Pre-cool Compressor

Feed Gas

Propane Pre-cool Heat Exchangers

Nitrogen Gas Expander

Coil Wound MCHE Nitrogen Cold-box

MR Compressor

Nitrogen Compressor

7.4 Evolution of LNG Train Capacity

8
QGII

7. Liquefaction

Million Ton/Yr

Steam Turbine Driven Gas Turbine Driven Elec Motor Driven

5
Helper Motor

Egypt SEGAS

Power Export

Motor Drive
Snohvit Tangguh

GE Fr. 6&7

Egypt Idku Ras Laffan Exp Malaysia Tiga

GE Fr.5

Woodside Exp Oman Atlantic

Malaysia Dua Nigeria Malaysia Australia Qatargas Arun Arun 6 Abu Dhabi

2
Badak Lybia Brunei Camel Kenai Abu Dhabi Skikda Arzew

Ras Laffan

0 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

GE Fr.9

2010

7.5 Driver for Refrigerant Compressor

Plant Capacity (MTPA)

7. Liquefaction

25.00
20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00
First Single Shaft GT Application

Gas Turbine Steam Turbine

7.6 Compressor & Driver Configuration

Large Size Gas Turbine Application of Three Frame 7s or Frame 9s Combined Cycle Increase Plant Efficiency Large Size Compressor Limitation of Suction Volume Parallel Configuration of Refrigerant Compressor Train in Liquefaction Train Relaxed by New Liquefaction Process Motor Drive Future Possible Option

7. Liquefaction

7.7 Train Size & Driver Configuration

G/T Configuration Before 1990 1990 - 1999 2000 - 2005 Near Future (3 or 4) x F5 F7 + F6 2 x F7 3 x F7 or 2 x F9 or 3 x F9 or Motor Drive Plant Capacity 1.6 - 2.5 3.0 3.9 - 4.8 6.0 7.8

7. Liquefaction

7.8 Driver Type vs. Efficiency

7. Liquefaction

Type
Steam Turbine 60 kg/cm2G 440 deg. C Steam Turbine 105 kg/cm2G 510 deg. C Gas Turbine for Industrial Use Combined Cycle (G/T for Industrial Use) Gas Turbine for Aircraft Combined Cycle (G/T for Aircraft)

Efficiency %
25.3 28.5 27 31 33.5 33.4 39

7.9 Cooling Medium

Air Cooling Investment cost Cheap Sea Water Cooling Expensive (sea water intake & required high quality material) Yes (lower availability) Low (smaller refrig. compressor power)

7. Liquefaction

Corrosion Problem Temperature

No

High (larger refrig. compressor power)

8. Fractionation and LPG Recovery

8.1 Simple LPG Re-injection System
Liquefaction MCHE Section LNG Refrigerant Storage

Treated Feed Gas

Scrub Column

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5+ To Condensate Storage

Demethanizer

Deethanizer

Depropanizer

Debutanizer

8. Fractionation and LPG Recovery

8.2 Associated LPG Recovery
Liquefaction MCHE Section LNG Refrigerant Storage

LPG Storage

Treated Feed Gas

C1

C2

C3

C4

Scrub Column

Deeper Sub-cooling
Increase LPG Recovery
C5+ To Condensate Storage

Demethanizer

Deethanizer

Depropanizer

Debutanizer

8. Fractionation and LPG Recovery

8.3 Combined LPG Extraction

Scrub Column Ovhd

LNG Residue Gas Liquefaction MCHE Section

LNG

Stabilization & Treating

Pre-Cooling

Gas
Re-injection

LPG Extraction Unit

LPG NGL Extraction Extraction LPG Fractionation C3 C4

C3, C4 and Heavier

Condensate

Maximize LPG Recovery

Sweet Feed Gas

9. LNG Storage and Loading

9.1 Configuration

Suction Drum

TC

To Fuel

BOG Compressor
PC

BOG From Loading Jetty LNG Tank LNG To Loading Jetty

LNG Rundown

9. LNG Storage and Loading

9.2 LNG Tank
One of Critical Equipment in Cost and Schedule Recent Technological Trend Type : Full Containment Size : Greater than 140,000 m3 Number : Minimized Possible Application of Single Containment Site location : Sufficient Safe distance Risk Assessment : Allowable Option