By

Syed Zulqadar Hassan

Tariq Kamal
Jawad Ahmed
Zulqarnan
Usman Alam
Hamza
*
*
60 , 0.3 . , 0.8 . , 0.074 .
d e
f Hz X p u P p u Q p u
'
= = = =
*
* 0
1 1 2
1
The current flowing into the infinte bus is
0.8 0.074
0.8 0.074
1.0 0
The transfer reactance between internal voltage and the infinite bus before fault is
||
0.3 0.2 0.15
d T L L S
S j
I j pu
V
X X X X X X
X

= = =
Z
'
= + + +
= + + + 0.05 0.7 pu =
The Transient Internal Voltage is
*
1
1.0 (0.7)(0.8 0.074)
1.0518 0.56 1.19 28.031
E V jX I j
E j
'
= + = +
'
= + = Z
(a) Since both lines are intact when the fault is cleared, the power-angle
equation before and after the fault is
max
1
1.19
sin sin sin 1.7sin
0.7
E V
P
X
o o o o
'
= = =
The initial operating angle is given by
1max 0 0
0
sin 0.8 1.7sin
28.072 0.4899
e
P P
rad
o o
o
= =
= =
max 0
180 151.928 2.651rad o o = = =
Using Equal Area Criterion Figure
Since the fault is at the beginning of the transmission line, the power transfer
during fault is zero, and the critical clearing angle as given by
*
( )
max 0 max
max
cos cos
0.8
cos (2.651 0.4899) cos151.928
1.7
82.33 1.436
m
c
c
c
P
P
rad
o o o o
o
o
= +
= +
= =
and the clearing time is
0
0
2 ( ) 2 5(1.436 0.4899)
60 0.8
0.25sec
c
c
m
c
H
t
f P
t
o o
t t

= =

=
*
We use a fault function in matlab to plot the results for part a
Pm = 0.8; E = 1.19; V = 1.0; Xl = 0.7; X2 = inf; X3 = 0.7;
eacfault(Pm, E, V, Xl, X2, X3)
Initial power angle = 28.072
Maximum angle swing = 151.928
Critical clearing angle = 82.247
Critical clearing time = 0.250 sec
Results are
Function
*
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Application of equal area criterion to a critically cleared system
Power angle, degree

P
o
w
e
r
,

p
e
r

u
n
i
t
Pm
Critical clearing angle = 82.2467
*
The power-angle curve before the occurrence of the fault is the same as before,
given by
1max
1.7sin P o =
The generator is operating at the initial power angle 0= 28.072 deg = 0.4899
rad. The fault occurs at point F at the middle of one line, resulting in the circuit
shown in Figure given below. The transfer reactance during fault may be
found most readily by converting the Y circuit ABF to an equivalent delta,
eliminating junction C. The resulting circuit is shown in Figure
Thus, the power-angle curve during fault is
*
2
1.98 X pu =
2max
2
1.19
sin sin sin 0.60sin
1.98
E V
P
X
o o o o
'
= = =
When fault is cleared the faulted line is isolated. Therefore, the postfault transfer
reactance is and the power angle curve is
3 1
0.85
d T L S
X X X X X ' = + + + =
3max
3
1.19
sin sin sin 1.4sin
0.85
E V
P
X
o o o o
'
= = =
1
max
3max
max
180 sin
145.15 2.533
m
P
P
rad
o
o

| |
=
|
\ .
= =
Using Equal Area Criterion Figure
max 0 3max max 2max 0
3max 2max
( ) cos cos
cos
cos 0.054375
93.11 1.625
m
c
c
c
P P P
P P
rad
o o o o
o
o
o
+
=

=
= =
*
The critical clearing angle is given by
*
We use a fault function in matlab to plot the results for part b
Pm = 0.8; E = 1.19; V = 1.0; Xl = 0.7; X2 = 1.98; X3 = 0.85;
eacfault(Pm, E, V, Xl, X2, X3)
Initial power angle = 28.072
Maximum angle swing = 151.928
Critical clearing angle = 93.193
Results are
Function
*
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Application of equal area criterion to a critically cleared system
Power angle, degree

P
o
w
e
r
,

p
e
r

u
n
i
t
Pm
Critical clearing angle = 93.193
*
*To demonstrate the solution of the swing equation, consider a generator
which is connected to an infinite bus bar through two parallel lines.
*Assume that the input power Pm is constant. Under steady state operation
Pe=Pm, and the initial power angle is given by
1
0 1max
1max 3
sin where
m
E V
P
P
P X
o

'
= =
*X
1
is the transfer reactance before the fault. The rotor is running at synchronous
speed, and the change in the angular velocity is zero, i.e 0=0
*Now consider a three-phase fault at the middle of one line as shown
*The equivalent transfer reactance between bus bars is increased, lowering the
power transfer capability, and the amplitude of the power-angle equation
becomes


Where X
2
is the transfer reactance during fault.
2max
2

E V
P
X
'
=
* The swing equation given by


*The above swing equation is transformed into the state variable form as


*We now apply the modified Euler's method to the above equations. By
using the derivatives at the beginning of the step, the value at the
end of the step (t
1
= t
0
+ t) is predicted from
*
( ) ( )
2
0 0 0
2max
2
sin
m e m a
f f f d
P P P P P
dt H H H
t t t o
o = = =
0
a
f d d
P
dt dt H
t o
e
A
= A =
1
1
i
i
p
i i
p
i i
d
t
dt
d
t
dt
e
o
o
o o
e
e e
+
A
+
= + A
A
A = A + A
*
1
1 1
1 1
1
0
Using the predicted value of and the derivatives at the end of interval are
determined by
Then the average value of two derivatives is used to find t
p
i
p p
i i
p p
i i
p
i
a
d
dt
f d
P
dt H
e
o o
o e
o
e
t e
+
+ +
+ +
+
A
A
= A
A
=
1
1
1
1
he corrected value
2
2
p
i i
p
i i
c
i i
c
i i
d d
dt dt
t
d d
dt dt
t
e e
o o
o o
o o
e e
e e
+
+
A A
+
+
| |
+
|
|
= + A
|
|
\ .
| A A |
+
|
|
A = A + A
|
|
\ .
*
* The power-angle curve before the occurrence of the fault is given by

*The generator is operating at the initial power angle

* From the results obtained for 3-phase, the accelerating power equation is

*Applying the modified Euler's method, the derivatives at the beginning of
the step are

1max
1.7sin P o =
0 0
28.072 0.4899 and 0 rad w o = = A =
a
P =
2max
sin
a m
P P P o =
( )
( )
0
0
0
2max
2
0
sin
60
0.8 0.6sin 28.072 19.515 rad/sec
5
w
m
d
dt
f d w
P P
dt H
o
o
t
o
t
A
=
A
=
= =
*At the end of the first step (t
1
= 0.01), the predicted values are








*Then, the average value of the two derivatives is used to find the corrected value
*
1
1
1
1 1
1
0.4899 (0)(0.01) 0.4899rad=28.072
0 (19.515)(0.01) 0.19515rad/sec
Using the predicted value of , and , the derivatives at the end of
interval are determined by
0.19515rad/sec
p
p
p
p p
p
d
dt
e
o
e
o e
o
e
A
= + =
A = + =
A
= A =
1
60
(0.8 sin 28.072 ) 12.418rad/sec
5 p
d
dt
o
e t A
= =
1
1
0 0.19515
0.4899 (0.01) 0.4908rad
2
19.2684 12.418
0 (0.01) 0.1584rad / sec
2
c
c
o
e
+
= + =
+
A = + =
* The critical clearing time is determined by the program to be
*
Critical clearing time = 0.37 seconds
Critical clearing angle = 93.19 degrees
Matlab Code
*
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
One-machine system swing curve. Fault cleared at 0.1s
t, sec
D
e
l
t
a
,

d
e
g
r
e
e
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
One-machine system swing curve. Fault cleared at 0.2s
t, sec
D
e
l
t
a
,

d
e
g
r
e
e


*
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
One-machine system swing curve. Fault cleared at 0.3s
t, sec
D
e
l
t
a
,

d
e
g
r
e
e
*
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
One-machine system swing curve. Fault cleared at 0.4s
t, sec
D
e
l
t
a
,

d
e
g
r
e
e
*
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
One-machine system swing curve. Fault cleared at 0.5s
t, sec
D
e
l
t
a
,

d
e
g
r
e
e
*
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
One-machine system swing curve. Fault cleared at 0.6s
t, sec
D
e
l
t
a
,

d
e
g
r
e
e
*
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
One-machine system swing curve. Fault cleared at 0.7s
t, sec
D
e
l
t
a
,

d
e
g
r
e
e
*
*
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
One-machine system swing curve. Fault cleared
t, sec
D
e
l
t
a
,

d
e
g
r
e
e


tc=0.1
tc=0.2
tc=0.3
tc=0.4